🔘 ASTANG YOGA

*ASHTANGA YOGA:-* 

👉🏻 Introduction:-

• यम नियमासन प्राणायाम प्रत्याहार धारणाध्यान समाधयोष्टावाङ्गानि ॥                                               (यो.सू. 2/29)

- Patanjali has propounded the comprehensive and multi-objective Anataranga and Bahiranga practices of Yoga through the classical Ashtanga Yoga in the form of; 

1)Yama

2)Niyama

3)Asana

4)Pranayama

5)Pratyahara

6)Dharana

7)Dhyana

8)Samadhi

👉🏻 Ashtanga yoga:-

1) YAMA:-

√ Defination:-

• अहिंसा सत्यास्तेय व्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रहा यमाः। (यो.सू. 2/30)

- Yama is the first step of Patanjali Ashtanga Yoga.

- Patanjali has described five Yamas.

- The literal meaning of word Yama is control or abstinence.

1. Ahimsa - non-violence

2. Satya - Truth

3. Asteya-non-stealing

4. Brahmacarya - Abstinence

5. Aparigraha - non-hoarding

- According to Hatha Yoga Pradipika described ten Yamas as:-

1. Ahimsa - non-violence

2. Satya - Truth

3. Asteya - non-stealing

4. Brahmacarya - Abstinence

5. Kshama- forgiveness

6. Dhruti - endurance

7. Daya-compassion

8. Arjava - meekness or straight forward

9. Mitahara - moderation in diet

10. Shaucha - cleanliness

√ Description:-

a.Ahimsa:-

• अहिंसा प्रतिष्ठा्यां तत्सनिरधौ वैरत्यागः । 

- It means to avoid causing pain or hurting any living being mentally, verbally. or physically.

- The practice of ahimsa generates a broad based feeling of love and brotherhood which purifies the mental beings, the Citta.

- Avoiding the feeling of hatred to an individual is also a kind of ahimsa or non-violence.

b.Satya:-

• सत्यप्रतिष्ठायां क्रियाफलाश्रयत्वम । 

- The literal meaning of Satya is truthfulness. One must be truthful in his speech, act and thought.

c.Asteya:-

• अस्तेयप्रतिष्ठायां सर्वरत्नोधस्थान । 

- It refers to the negation of the tendency of utilizing the wealth, belongings or thoughts of others in once own interest or benefits.

- This is essentially the practice of non-stealing in terms of money material or even thoughts and idea.

- The practice of Asteya not only brings about individual Citta Suddhi, but also reduces the amount of social tension and conflicts which may otherwise results due to stealing tendencies.

d.Brahmacharya:-

• ब्रह्मचर्यप्रतिष्ठायां वीर्यलाभः । 

- Brahmacarya means not to deviate from one's own Svadharma or one's own onginal nature. 

- It is not only abstinence from sexual pleasure although the same is an important aspect of Brahmacarya as it helps an aspirant to progress efficiently on the path of Yoga.

e.Aparigraha:-

• अपरिग्रहस्थैर्यं जन्मकधंता संबोधः |

The tendency of lustfully hoarding wealth and consumable materials in one's own selfish interest is called Parigraha and negation of this tendency is Aparigraha.

2) NIYAMA:-

√ Definition:-

• शौच संतोष तपः स्वाध्याययेश्वर प्रणिधानानि नियमा: । (यो.सू. 2/32)

- Niyama means observances.

-  Under the heading Niyama, Patanjali suggests certain good habits, which help the development of total personality.

- There are five Niyamas namely according to Patanjali:-

1. Shaucha - cleanliness

2. Santosha - contentment

3. Tapas - penace

4. Swadhyaya - self study

5. Ishvarapranidhana - dedicating to God

- According to Hatha Yoga Pradipika described ten Niyamas:-

1. Tapa - penance

2. Santosha - contentment

3. Astikya - belief in god

4. Dana - charity

5. Eshwarapoojana - worship of God

6. Sidhantavakyashravana - hearing discourse on the principles of religion

7. Hri - to be ashamed of doing undesirable acts

8. Mati - intellect

9. Japa - chanting mantras

10. Huta - scarifies the sensual experience for spiritual experience.

√ Description:-

a.Shaucha-cleanliness:-

- Shaucha refer to observance of cleanliness in physical, mental and social aspects o life.

- Cleanliness of the body, the clothing, the residences etc. is Bahya Shuddhi i.e. external cleanliness.

- Utilization of clean food and clean behavior with different individuals is also considered as Bahyashuddhi. 

- On the other hand purification of the Antah-Karana

by depleting emotions like Raga, Dvesha etc. with help of Japa, Tapa, clean thoughts and friendship etc. is considered Abhyantara Shaucha or internal cleanliness.

b.Santosha-contentment:-

• सन्तोषदनुत्तमः सुखलाभः । 

- Santosha is the second Niyama.

- Santosha means remaining contented with whatever facilities and circumstances, one is put to continuing the duties and remaining contented

with whatever rewards comes forth. 

- Contentment gives a superlative happiness.

c.Tapa:-

- Penance produces purity of body and Indriya, Mana Shuddhi etc. 

- Tapas is a practice of body and mind to perfect them.

- Constant practice of tapas enables Yogi to overcome the suffering caused by heat, cold, sun, rain, hunger and thirst. 

- By destroying the impurity of internal organ and the body gets the powers to withstand the extreme situations.

d.Swadhyaya:-

• स्वाध्यायादिष्ट देवतासं प्रयोगः । 

- A regular time is to be devoted for the study of scriptures texts. 

- Swadhyaya has stated that Japa is Swadhyaya. It includes both Swara and Mana.

- Japa has two types Vachika and Manasika. 

- In Manasika Japa are also two types without Dhyana and with Dhyana. While doing Japa of particular Mantra, Omkara etc and reading spiritual texts are means salvation. 

- Person can unite himself with desired God.

e.Ishvarapranidhana:-

- Dedicating to Eshvara one can attain ultimate Samadhi. 

- Dedicating to divinity or surrender to the God is an important methods to attain the highest state of existence Moksha or liberation.

- This path of yoga is called Bhakti yoga.

3) ASANA:-

√ Introduction:-

- Asana is third part of Yoga, the synonyms for Asana is Mudra, Bhangima, Havabhava, Kayikaceshtha, Samsthiti, Sthiti ete. which includes different yogic postures.

- It helps to attain further steps of Yoga. Control over physical body leads to control over mind, which enhance all over development of being. 

- The detailed description of Asanas is available only in the texts of Hatha-Yoga. 

√ Defination:-

• स्थिरम् सुखमासनम् । 

- Asana is a posture in which an individual may stay stably and comfortably for a prolong period. 

√ Total number of Asanas:-

- There are eighty-four lakhs of Asanas described by Shiva the postures are as many in number as there as number of species of living creatures in this universe.

- Among them eight-four are best and among these eighty four thirty two have been found useful for mankind in this word.

- Total 32 Asanas explained by Gheranda Samhita

√ Classification of Asanas:-

1. Meditative Asanas:-

-  These'are the postures which åre considered conducive to practice of meditation. 

- Dhyana if he is comfortably stabilized in meditative postures like Padmasana, Siddhasana, Bhadrasana, Swastikasana, Vajrasana etc.

2. Relaxative Asanas:-

- These are the posture which produce mental and physical relaxation such as Shavasana, Makarasana etc.

3. Cultural Asanas :-

- The Asanas like Simhasana, Gomukhasana, Dhanurasana,Matsyendrasana, Mayurasana, Kurmasana, etc. practised for physical culture. 

√ Asana and its importance:-

- Control on the body by Prayatna, Prayasa, Cheshta, cause Shaithilyata.

√ Utility of Asana and their effect on the health:-

1. One can control his mind efficiently, only when he controls his body properly. This is brought about by Asana and thus helps in attaining the ultimate goal the salvation or Moksha.

2. By practicing Asana one can develop mental equilibrium, balance, endurance and great vitality.

3. Each Asana helping to stretchrand stimulate specific group of muscles and finally make them relax deeply.

4. Asanas will help to reduce the Basal Metabolic Rate. Along with the reduction in Basal metabolic rate most of the vital organs gets relaxed.

5. Asanas are not just strengthening the muscles. But they also train the muscle to loosen and relax.

6. Asanas not only develop the body and soul, they prevent diseases, gave one relief from diseases. They invigorated the nerves, the lungs the muscles, the skin, and the various glands inside the body.

7. Many chronic diseases which could not be cured by drugs have been successfully cured by Asanas.

4) PRANAYAMA:-

√ Introduction:-

- The word Pranayama is a combination of "Prana" and "Ayama". Prana means breath and Ayama means to extent. Pranayama is an exact science.

- It is the fourth Anga or limb of Ashtanga Yoga.

√ Defination:-

• तस्मिन सति श्वासपश्चासयोगति विच्छेदः प्राणायामः ।

- Regulation of breath or the control of Prana is the stoppage of inhalation and exhalation, which follows after securing that steadiness of posture or seat, Asana. 

- Prana is the vital energy required for sustaining the dynamic operation and coordination of each organ within a body.

-  The continuous flow of Prana in the Nadis, or subtle nerves in the body, is important for a disease-free body.

- Pranayama is control and smooth flow of Prana through Yoga exercises. 

- Pranayama helps to establish control over mind and thus helps in the mastery of the other Angas of

Yoga.

√ Stages of pranayama:-

- Generally there are four stages in Pranayama according to patanjali:-

1. Bahya Vritti/ Rechaka- Exhalation

2. Abhyantara/ Puraka - Inhalution

3. Stambha Vritti/ Kumbhaka - Holding of the breath

4. Caturthaka- There is also a fourth stage called caturthaka which is beyond inhalation and exhalation.

- According to Hatlayoga Pradipika, Pranayama is of three types:-

1. Rechaka/Exhalation-

2. Puraka'Inhalation

3. Kumbhaka/ Retention

√ Benefits of Pranayama:-

- Doing Pranayama does not mean only taking the air in the body (inhalation) and throwing it out (exhalation) but along with oxygen, we also take in our body the vital energy. 

- This vital energy permutes the entire universe and what we inhale and exhale is a fragment of it,

The control of regulation of Prana is called Pranayama.

- Ali function of our body are directly or indirectly related to Prana without, Prana there would be no life. It is Prana which is the cause of life and death

- Pranayama has the capacity of freeing the mind from untruthfulness, ignorance and all other painful and unpleasant experience of the body and mind. 

- When mind becomes clean it becomes easy for the yogi concentrate on the desitred object and it becomes possible for him to progress further in the direction of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi.

- Accroding to hathayoga pradipika, by proper practice of pranayama all diseases are eradicated. Through improper practice all diseases can arise.

√ Duration of Pranayama:-

- According to Gheranda samhita,  The practice of Yoga should not be commenced in these four seasons out of six-Hemanta, Sisira, Grishma and Varsha. If one begins in the se seasons, one will contact diseases.

- The practice of Yoga should be commenced either in Vasanta and Sarada, For in these seasons success is attained without much trouble.

- Accroding to hathayoga, Pranayama or Kumbhaka can be performed four times in a day. i. e. mornings, mid afternoon, evening and mid night are the time ideal for practice of Pranayama. 

- One should gradually practice Pranayama for one time 80 and per day and night together it is 320.

√ Pranayama Tividha Lakshana:- 

a. Kanishtha Pranayama - This is the beginning stage of Pranayama, in this there will be sweda.

b Madhyama Pranayama - Middle stages Pranayama in this there will Kampa.

c. Uttama Pranayama - The last stage of Pranayama, Yogi will attain steadiness and Vayu reaches Bramharandhra which is the best seat. But this is very difficult task.

- In general the ratio of puraka, kumbhaka and rechaka is 1:4:2.

5) PRATYAHARA:-

√ Introduction:-

- Pratyahara is as one of the eight limbs (Ashtanga Yoga). 

- Pratyahara enhances the power of concentration of senses Pratyahara is drawing in of the senses by giving up own objects and settled in the original state of mind.

√ Defination:-

स्वविषयासम्प्रयोगे चित्तस्वरूपानुकार इवेन्द्रियाणा प्रत्याहारः । (प.यो.सू. 2/54)

- Withdrawal of the senses from all wordily desires and temptations and keeping them fixed in the pure nature of Citta or mind is called Pratyahara.

- Pratyahara is a bridge between the Bahiranga and Antranga phases of Ashtanga yoga.

√ Types of pratyahara:-

1.Control of the Senses (Indriya-Pratyahara)

2.Control of the prana(Prana- pratyahara)

3.Control of action(Karma-pratyahara)

4.Withdrawl of the mind (Mano-pratyahara)

√ Pratyahara and the Other Limbs of Yoga:-

- Pratyahara is related to all the limbs of yoga. All of the other limbs-from asana to Samadhi-contain aspects of Pratyahara. 

- For example, in the sitting poses, which are the

most important aspect of asana, both the sensory and motor organs are controlled.

- Pratyahara is the negative and Dharana the positive aspect of the same basic function.

6) DHARANA:-

√ Introduction:-

- Dharana or concentration is the fixing the mind on one place. 

- Dharana is the fixing of the mind on something external or internal. 

- The mind can be fixed externally on the picture of Lord Hari, Lord Krishna or Lord Rama or on any other object or point. Internally it can be fixed on any Chakra or any part of the body or on any abstract idea. 

- Having controlled the Prana through Pranayama and the Indriyas through Pratyahara, you should

try to fix the mind on something.

- In Dharana you will have only one Vritti or wave in the mind-lake.

√ Defination:-

• देशबन्ध चित्तस्य धारणा |  (प.यो.सू. 3/1)

- Dharana is the confining (fixing)of the mind within a point or area".

7) DHYANA:-

√ Introduction:-

- Dhyana is a term used for the seventh Anga (limb or level) in the eight-step Yoga practice of Sage Patanjali. 

√ Defination:-

• तत्र प्रत्ययैकतानता ध्यानं । (प.यो. सू. 3/2)

- Unbroken continuation of that mental ability is meditation.

- By practicing Dharana in the region of Akasha, he obtains certainly the power of levitating in the Akasha (ether). 

- Wherever he stays, he enjoys supreme bliss. The

proficient in Yoga should and he does not know death.

- That great-minded man does not die even during the deluge of Brahma.

√ Types of dhyana:-

- The dhyana is of 3types:-

1.Sthula

2.Jyoti

3.Sukshma

8) SAMADHI:-

√ Introduction:-

- The fruit of meditation is samadhi.

- Samadhi is super conscious state, wherein the yogi gets super intuitional or super sensual knowledge and super sensual bliss.

- Samadhi is eighth step of the Yogic ladder. 

- Intuition, revelation, inspiration and ecstasy are all

synonymous tems.

√ Defination:-

• तदेवार्थमात्रनिर्भासंस्वरूपशून्यमिव समाधि:|  (यो सू. 3/3)

- Samadhi is that state in which the Jivatman (lower self) and the Paramatman (higher Self) are ditlerence less (or of equal state).

- If he desires to lay aside his body, he can do

so. 

√ Types of samadhi:-

- Samadhi is of two types:-

1.Savikalpa samadhi

2.Nirvikalpa samadhi

√ Folds of samadhi:-

1.Dhyana samadhi

2.Nada samadhi

3.Rasananda samadhi

4.Laya samadhi

5.Bhaktiyoga samadhi

6.Rajayoga samadhi

🔘 PARAD SAMSKARA

*PARADA SAMSKARA:-* 

👉🏻 Defination of samskara:-

• संस्कारो हि गुणान्तराधानमुच्यते ।

ते गुणास्तोयाग्रिसन्निकर्षशौचमन्थनदेशकालवासनभावनादिभिः कालप्रकर्षभाजनादिभिश्चाधीयन्ते।

- It is the pharmaceutical procedures that bring about

qualitative alternation done for improvement,  enhancement, modification, lowering bad effects.

- In Rasashastra paarada samskara is of prime importance.

👉🏻 Difference between Shodhana and Samskara:-

- Shodana concentrates in the removal of doshas while, samskara aims in potentiating drug along with the same.

- Shodana can be considered as a part of samskara but all samskaras are not shodana.

👉🏻 Number of Paarada samskara:-

- According to:-

1.Bhagavan shankara:- 2

2.Rasachintamani:- 11

3.Rasapadhati,Rasopanishat, Rasatarangani:- 16

4.Rasaratnasamuchayam,Rasendrachoodamani,

Rasaprakashasudhakara,Rasadhyaya,Rasakamadhenu,Brihath tarangini:- 18

5.Rasaratnakara,Aanandakandam, Rasasara, Ayurvedaprakasha:- 19

👉🏻 Ashtadasha Parada samskara:-

• स्यात्स्वेदनं तदनु मर्ददनमूर्च्छनञ्च उत्थापनं पतनरोधननियामनानि।

सन्दीपनं गगनभक्षणमानमत्र सञ्चारणा तटदनु गर्भगताद्रुतिश्च॥

बाह्यद्रुतिः सूतकजारणास्याद्रागस्तथा सारणकर्मपश्चात्।

सड्क्रामणं वेधविधिः शरीरेयोगस्तथाष्टादशधाऽत्र कर्म॥                                           (R.R.S.11/15-16)

- 18 Paarada Samskaras are:-

1.Swedana

2.Mardana

3.Murchhna

4.Utthapana

5.Patana

6.Rodhana

7.Niyamana

8.Dipana

9.Gaganabhakshana

10.Charana

11.Garbhadruti

12.Bahyadruti

13.Jarana

14.Ranjana

15.Sarana

16.Sankramana

17.Vedhana

18.Bhakshana

👉🏻 Parada Ashta Samskara:-

1.Swedana

2.Mardana

3.Murchhna

4.Utthapana

5.Patana

- Urdhwapatana

- Adhahpatana

- Tiryakapatana

6.Rodhana

7.Niyamana

8.Dipana

- First five samskaras are useful for removing various type of dosha of parada.

- Last three samskaras are useful for changing undesired properties and to improve potency of parada.

👉🏻 Amount of parada needed for samskara:-

- 2000 or 1000 or 100 or 28 or 10 or 5 or at least 1 pala of parada should be taken for samskara.

1) Swedana Samskara:-

- Process:- Swedana(medium:- Kanji)

- Yantra:- Dolayantra

- Agni:- Mrudu

- Duration:- 3days for dehasiddhi and 21 days for lohasiddhi

- Drugs used as kalka:- Aasuri, Saidhava, Trikatu, chitraka, Aardraka,mulaka.

Each drug should be 1/16th part of parada.

√ Method:-

- The drugs are made into fine powder and kalka is prepared with it.

- One angula of kalka is coated in vatapatra/betel leaf/kadali patra which 

is made into a receptacle and allowed to dry.

- Parada is put into this and sealed with kalka and leaf.

- Cover it with four folded cloth and make into a potali.

- Suspend the potali in dolayantra and perform swedana.

- Recover mercury after process by washing kalka in hotwater.

- The recovered mercury id strained 3-4 time through four folded cloth before carrying out mardana.

√ Precautions:-

- Refill kanjika in dolayantra time to time.

- The potali should not touch the bottom of the yantra.

- There are suggestions to replace the kalka every day but it is not very necessary for 3 day swedana but in 21 day swedana

for lohasidhi, reinforcement of kalka is necessary.

√ Importance:-

- Both acidic and alkaline substances used in this samskara so Impurities lose adhesiveness.

- Impurities dissolve in the liquid medium used and Hg become relatively free from impurities.(Bahya mala become shithila).

2) Mardana Samskara:-

- Process:- Mardana(medium:- Kanji)

- Yantra:- Tapta khalwa yantra made of loha

- Duration:- 3days for dehasiddhi and 21 days for lohasiddhi.

- Drugs used as kalka:- Grihadhuma, Ishtika churna, dadhi, guda, saindhava lavana, Aasuri.

Each drug should be 1/16 th part of parada.

√ Method:-

- Mercury and drugs are placed in tapta khalvayantra & triturated well using kanjika for three days.

- Recover mercury after the samskara by washing kalka with hot water.

- If more mercury is retained in klaka conduct patana and recover it.

- The recovered parada is filtered 3-4 times through a four folded cloth.

- Some aacharyas recommend addition of abhraka satwa and swarna to parada after the 3 day grinding with drugs by which a distinct color is imparted to mercury.

√ Precautions:-

- Kanjika should be added time to time while grinding.

- Filter suta through a four folded cloth is necessary as

the ishtika choorna tend to settle down with mercury

√ Importance:-

- The Hg becomes free of bahirmala.

- It will get characteristic colour.

-  The qualities increase.

3) Murchhna Samskara:-

- Process:- Mardana(Medium:- Kanji)

- Yantra:- Tapta khalwa yantra

- Duration:- 3 days for dehasiddhi and 7 days for lohasiddhi.

- Drugs used as kalka:- Ghritakumari swarasa, Triphala and chitraka

Each drug should be 1/16th part of parada.

√ Method:-

- Mardita paarada is triturted for three days in a tapta

khalwayantra with the above said medicines and kumari

swarasa till parada loses cohisiveness and break into

nashtapishtatva.

√ Importance:-

- Parada loses its natural  properties and attains nashtapishtatva.

- The parada attain naaga varna & also loses its chapalata and dravata.

- The parada will be

free of all blemishes.

4) Utthapana Samskara:-

- Process:- Swedana, Prakshalana, mardana, Aatapa and Patana.

- Yantra:- Dolayantra, Tapta khalwayantra and Urdhwapatana yantra.

- Medium:-

1.Swedana:- Kanji

2.Prakshalana:- Kanji and ushnajala

3.Mardana:- Kanji and ushnajala

- Best time:- Vaishakha and jyeshtha masha.

√ Method:-

- Moorchita paarada is subjected to swedana with kanjika in dolayantra. 

- By this the parada which are separated as globules

will combine together.

- Then it is subjected to prakshalana with ushna kanji or

ushnajala by which rest of the paarada trapped in kalka can

be recovered.

- This kalka is again subjected to mardana in tapta khalva

yantra with ushnajala .

- Kalka which is light will flow away with

water and the heavy particles of parada will settle down.

- The paarada is subjected to aatapa after mardana preferably

during vaishakha and jyeshta months.

- According to paarada vijnaneeyam mardana should be

conducted in aatapa with nimbuka swarasa.

- The mercury which is not recovered by the above steps is

regained by paatana.

√ Importance:-

- Parada regain the swabhavika avastha.

5) Patana Samskara:-

- It is of 3 types:-

A.Urdhwapatana

B.Adhahpatana

C.Tiryakapatana

A. Urdhwapatana:-

- Process:- Mardana and Urdhwapatana

- Yantra:- Vidhyadharayantra, Damaru yantra, Tapta khalwayantra

- Duration of mardana:- 3days

- Duration of process:- Once/thrice for dehasiddhi and 7 times for lohasiddhi

- Drugs used:-

• Parada:- 1part

• Tamra:- 1/4ty part

• Acc. to shalinath haridra and kumariswarasa is used.

• Acc. to madhava tuttha and swarna makshika should be used.

√ Method:-

- Parada is mixed with ¼ amount of tamra and subjected to

mardana for 3 days so a shulbha pishti is formed.

- The shulbapishti is kept in the urdhvapatana yantra and

subjected to patana.

- The sublimed paarada is collected from the upper pot.

√ Importance:-

- All the doshas from yogika, saptakanchuka and oupadhika is relieved by this samskara.

B. Adhahpatana:-

- Process:- Mardana and Adhahpatana

- Yantra:- Vidhyadhara, Damaru and Tapta khalwayantra

- Duration for mardana:- 3days with tamra till nashtapishti is obtained

- Duration of process:- 7 times

- Drugs used:-

• Parada:- 1 part

• Tamra:- 1/4 part or drugs as indicated in Urdhwapatana

√ Method:-

- The paarada subjected to urdhvapaatana is subjected to

mardana with various drugs till nashta pishtatva is obtained.

- The paarada is then kept in adhapaatana yantra subjected to

the adhapaatana.

- The sublimed paarada is collected from the bottom pot after

the process.

√ Importance:-

- Parada obtained after subjecting to the process of

urdhvapatana and adhapatana can be used for preparing

the rasayana yoga by adding various other drugs into it.

- Patana process conducted in dipika yantra is free from all

kinds of blemishes.

C. Tiryaka Patana:-

- Process:- Mardana, Tiryakapatana and swedana

- Yantra:- Tiryakapatana yantra

- Duration of mardana:- till nashtapishti is obtained

- Duration pf process:- Till parada become dradhavahni

- Drugs used:-

• Parada:- 1 part

• Dhanyabhraka:- 1/4 part

• Aaranala:- q.s. or drugs as indicated im treatise.

√ Method:-

- The paarada after urdhva and adha patana is subjected to

mardana with slakshna abhraka dalam with aaranala as

medium for nashtapishtatva formation.

- This is kept in tiryak paatana yantra and subjected to

tiryaka Paatana.

-The paarada is then subjected to swedana in dolayantra.

- The swedita paarada again subjected to tiryak paatana till

become drudhavahni.

√ Importance:-

- Parada become capable of sustaining intense heat.

- After 5 samskaras parada become slugish amd calm.

6) Rodhana/Bodhana Samskara:-

- Rodhana is carried out as measure to restore Potency of parada which has become napumsaka, mruta praya and mandavirya from first five samskaras.

- The parada at this state will be unable to take into it swarnadi lohas as gras thus to impart bubhuksha to parada bodhana is conducted.

- Process:- Swedana

- Yantra:- Dolayantra

- Duration of swedana:- 3days

- Medium:- Sandhava jala/Srishtyambu

- Drugs used:-

• Parada:- 1 part

• Saindhava:- qs

• Jala:- qs

√ Method:-

- The paarada processed till the paatana samskara is suspended inside a

pot containing saindhava jala/ srishtimbu and subjected to swedana for

three days.

- The swedita paarada is collected washed and filtered.

√ Other method:-

- The paarada is kept undisturbed in a pot filled with saindhava jala

for three days and on the fourth day it is taken out, washed and filtered.

√ Importance:-

- Restore potency in parada which has become napumsaka, mruta praya and mandavirya from first five samskaras.

7) Niyamana Samskara:-

- Process:- Swedana

- Yantra:- Dolayantra

- Duration of swedana:- 1-3 days

- Medium:- Kanji

- Drugs used as kalka:- Tambula, lashuna, saindhava, bhringraja, Vandhyakarkoti and chincha.

Each drug should be taken 1/16th part of parada.

√ Method:-

- The rodhita paarada is suspended in dola yantra and is subjected to

swedana using kanjika as medium for 1-3 days.

- The kanjika is charged with the above dravyas during swedana.

- The paarada is recovered after swedana and filtered well.

√ Importance:-

- Parada become nirmala and tejavana.

- Parada attains sthirata and chapalata is removed.

8) Dipana Samskara:-

- Process:- Swedana

- Yantra:- Dolayantra

- Duration for swedana:- 3days

- Medium:- Kanji

- Drugs used as kalka:- Sphatika, kasisa, saindhava, tankana, maricha, Raajika, Shigrutwal

Each drug should be 1/16th of parada.

√ Method:-

- The niyamitha paarada is suspended in dola yantra and is subjected to

swedana using kanjika as medium for 3 days.

- The kanjika is charged with the above dravyas during swedana.

- The paarada is recovered after swedana and filtered well.

√ Importance:-

- Parada become grasartha and dipana guna is increased.

✓ IMPORTANCE OF ASHTA SAMSKARA:-

- For therapeutic administration/dehasidhi with parada only ashta

samskara is necessary.

- By the end of 8 samskara the paarada becomes

free from all blemishes.

- Only 1/8 th of paarada will remain after Ashtasamskara.

🔘 OJAS IN AYURVED

*OJAS IN AYURVEDA:-* 

👉🏻 Introduction:-

• 'सर्वधातुसारम् ओजः अभिधीयते' ।

- Ojas is a sara (essence) of all dhatus. 

- Ojas is vigor. 

- Ojas is an independent principle of Ayurveda, the principle which supports life, which protects life against various diseases.

👉🏻 Defination:-

• 'तत्र रसादीनां शुक्रान्तानां यत्परं तेज: तत् खलु ओज: । 

यत् खलु ओज: तदेव बलम् इति उच्यते स्वशास्त्रसिद्धान्तात् ।

                

- Essence of all seven dhatus is called as Ojas, on which strength of the body depends. 

- The word strength is applied to many concepts. For e.g. strength means immunity.

- Ojas provides strength to body; hence body can be sustained against various infections.

👉🏻 Synonyms:-

- Dhatu sara

- Dhatu teja

- Bala

- Prana

- Dhatu sneha

- Jiva shonita

- Rasa

- Shukra sara 

👉🏻 Types:-

- Ojas is of two types:-

1) Para ojas

2) Apara ojas

√ Volume of Para ojas is 8 drops and its site is heart. 

√ Site of Apara ojas is whole body and its volume is ½ Anjali.

👉🏻 Formation of Ojas:-

1) Para Ojas:- 

- At the time of conception, ojas is the essence of shukra and artava, which is called as garbha rasa.

- This garbha rasa is a nourishing fluid, which nourishes growing embryo.

- According to Ayurvedic concept of embryology, fetal heart is formed in 4th month of gestation.

- After heart is being formed in the fetus, the ojas which is nourishing the garbha enters heart and then cardiac activity of fetus begins. 

- The ojas which nourishes the garbha and which enters the heart of garbha is a Para type of ojas of

garbha.

- Destruction of Para ojas results in death.

2) Apara Ojas:-

- Apara ojas pervades whole body through circulation of rasa-rakta. 

- It is essence of all dhatus and predominantly exists in rasa, shleshma, and rakta and shukra dhatu.

- As bees collect honey from the fruits and flowers, that way essence of all dhatus comprises ojas.

👉🏻 Ojas and food:-

- Formation of Apara ojas depends on qualities of dhatus. Dhatu formation depends on quality of food and digestion of food. 

- Therefore food, jatharagni plays important role in the formation of ojas.

- Sattvik vegetarian food enhances formation of ojas.

👉🏻 Different opinions regarding Ojas:-

- According to Sarngadhar, Ojas is an upadhatu of

shukra dhatu.

- Ojas is an essence of shukra.

- Ojas is like a shleshma (kapha).

- Accrding to Ashtang Sangraha, Ojas is the mala of

shukra dhatu.

- Every drop of milk consists of ghee, but it is invisible, in the same way every drop of shukra dhatu consists of ojas.

- Qualities of kapha dosha and ojas are same. The body strength depends on balanced kapha dosha and ojas.Shleshma and ojas promote cellular growth and prevent cellular destruction. Hence shleshma and ojas are inter-dependent concepts.

👉🏻 Qualities of ojas:-

• 'हृदि तिष्ठति यच्छुद्धं रक्तमीषत्सपीतकम् ।

प्रथमं जायते ह्योजः शरीरेऽस्मिञ्छरीरिणाम् ।।

सर्पिर्वर्णं मधुरसं लाजगन्धि प्रजायते' ॥

- Ojas which resides in heart is predominantly yellowish;reddish in colour. 

- Appearance of ojas is like ghee. Its taste is like honey and the smell is like fried paddy (laja).

• 'गुरु शीतं मृदु श्लक्ष्णं बहलं मधुरं स्थिरम् ।

प्रसन्नं पिच्छिलं स्निग्धमोजो दशगुणं स्मृतम्' ॥ 

- Heavy, cold, soft, sweet, stable, fresh, slimy and unctuousness are the qualities of ojas.

👉🏻 Functions of ojas:-

•'हृदि तिष्ठति यच्छुद्धं रक्तमीषत्सपीतकम् ।

ओज: शरीरे संख्यातं तन्नाशात्रा विनश्यति' ।।

                                   

- Destruction of ojas residing heart causes death ojas which resides in the heart is a Para type of ojas, which protects life.

- Para ojas is a site of prana hence to protect life is the function of ojas.

- Dhatus, ojas and bala are interdependent constituents of the body. 

- Ojas enhances stability of mamsa dhatu. 

- Ojas increase endurance power, all physical and mental activities run smoothly. 

- Ojas maintains complexion and voice. 

-Ojas stimulates functions of five senses and mind, ojas maintains integrity of body, mind ,senses & soul.

👉🏻 Disorders of Ojas:-

√ Destruction of Para ojas leads to death.

√ Disorders of Apara ojas are:-

1) Ojovisramsa

2) Ojovyapat

3) Ojahkshaya.

- In ojovyapat flow of Apara ojas is obstructed, while in ojovisramsa it gets contaminated by the vitiation of doshas.

1) Ojovisramsa:-

√ Symptoms of Ojovisramsa:-

• 'सन्धिविश्लेषो गात्राणां सदनं दोषच्यवनं क्रियाऽसन्रिरोधश्च' ।                                          

- Weakness in joints, numbness, body weakness, displacement of doshas from their proper sites.

- Suppressed physical and mental activities are the symptoms of ojovisramsa.

2) Ojovyapat:-

√ In ojovyapat, ojas is contaminated by vitiated doshas and dhatus.

• 'स्तब्धगुरुगात्रता वातशोफो वर्णभेदो ग्लानिस्तन्द्रानिद्रा च व्यापन्ने' |                                         

- Heaviness in the body, restricted body movements, edema due to vitiated Vata, drowsiness and excess sleep are the symptoms of ojovyapat.

- Varnabheda (change in the colour complexion) is a symptom of ojovyapat.

- Ojas is vitiated in prameha, and in pandu also, so the symptoms of prameha and pandu can be taken as ojovyapat.

3) Ojahkshaya:-

√ Causes:-

- Over exertion, dieting, dry light food, exposure to hot windy climate, depression, less sleep, over indulgence of sex,vomiting, dhatu kshaya, old age, trauma, anger and anxiety are the few causes of ojahkshaya.

√ Symptoms:-

• बिभेति दुर्बलोऽभीक्ष्णं ध्यायति व्यथितैन्द्रियः ।

दुश्छायो दुर्मना रूक्षः क्षामशचैवोजसः क्षये' ॥

- Weakness, fear, fatigue of sense organs, dryness of body, imbalanced mind and depression are the symptoms of ojas kshaya.

- Syncope, mamsa dhatukshaya,delirium and death are the symptoms of ojahkshaya.

- In this way though ojas can not be shown in the body, but its existence can be felt by its action on the body.

- Proper function of all srotasas, body growth, stability of mamsa dhatu, proper functioning of five senses, proper circulation indicates normal functioning of ojas.

🔘 LASUNA

Lasuna

👉🏻 Basonym -

रसेनाम्लेनोने इति |

पञ्चभिश्च रसैर्युक्तो रसेनाम्लेन वर्जितः । 

Rasona has got name because it is devoid of one Rasa ie Amla (Sour)

👉🏻 Synonyms -

1. Ugragandha - It possesses Strong offensive smell. 

2. Mahaushadha - It cures many diseases

3. Arishta - helpful drug venous disease

4. Yavaneshta - It is liked by Foreigners

5. Rasonaka - As it is devoid of sour taste it is called rasonka. 

👉🏻 Regional Names -

Hindi: Lashun

English: Garlic

Sanskrit: Lashuna

Gujarati: Lasan

👉🏻 Latin Name: Allium sativum Linn

👉🏻 Family: Liliaceae

👉🏻 Gana : Haritakyadi varga (Bhavaprakasha) 

👉🏻 Habitat: It is cultivated all over India for commercial purposes.

👉🏻 Habit: An annual herb

👉🏻 Properties -

हृद्रोग जीर्णज्वर कुक्षिशूल विबन्धगुल्मारुचिकासशोफान् । दुर्नाम कुष्टानलसादजन्तुसमिरणश्वासकफाश्च हन्ति ॥ - भा.नि हरितक्यादि वर्ग २२१

Taste : Shad rasa mainly pungent, devoid of sour

Qualities : Heavy. unctuous. sharp. fluidity. sticky

Potency : Hot

Vipaka : Pungent

Effect on dosha : Alleviates Kapha & Vata dosha

👉🏻 Action -

Kasagna (useful in cough)

Shulaghna (best analgesic)

Kanthya (good for throat)

Swasaghna (remedy for asthma)

Shothaghna (relieves edema)

Kushtaghna (useful in skin diseases)

Ruchikara (gives taste)

Deepana (kindles the digestive fire)

Pachana (eases the digestion)

👉🏻 Action on Respiratory System -

1. It is considered as best drug for respiratory tract disorders like Asthma, Cough, Rhinitis, Hiccough by pungent taste and hot potency it clears the obstruction caused by Prana vayu and also removes foul smell of vitiated kapha dosha

2. When symptoms starts one should leak garlic paste mixed with ghruta it gives relief.

3. In children's cough caused by aggravated kapha, juice of garlic mixed with honey is beneficial,

4. In Rhinitis, hoarseness

5. of voice or throat disorders garlic is given mixed with food, Nasal instillation of 2-3 drops of juice of Garlic root is very useful in Asthma & Cough.

6. Garlic is very useful in all kind of vata disorders ex. Paralysis, Facial paralysis, Hemiplegia. Back ache, Sciatica & heart diseases also.

7. Consuming Garlic paste + Rock salt + Sesame oil gives good result in intermittent fever and vata disorders,

8. In Earache oil processed with garlic is beneficial in relieving ear pain.

9. In Visham Jwara garlic is given with taila or ghrita is beneficial.

10. In Hicough and Asthma juice of garlic + onion/sandal wood powder mixed with breast milk is beneficial.

11. In Colic Pain: garlic mixed with wine in morning on stomach is given, alleviate vata and kapha dosha & promotes digestive fire,

12. Rasona Ksheerapaka - Dehusked Garlic 160 gms should be boiled in milk along with eight times water. When only the milk remains this should be taken by patients. It alleviates upward movement of Vayu. Sciatica, intermittent fever, heart disease, abscess & Swelling.

👉🏻 Dosage-

Paste -3-5 gm

Oil - 1-3 Drops

Juice-10-20ml

👉🏻 Chemical composition -

Garlic bulb contains organosulfur compounds like

Volatile oil

Allin

Allicin

Mucilage

Albumin

Antibiotics

Ether

👉🏻 Pharmacological actions

Carminative

Aphrodisiac

Expectorant

Stimulant

Anthelmintic

Rubefacient

Antimicrobial

Anti-inflammatory

Immunomodulatory

Antifungal

Antiatherosclerotic/Antithrombotic

👉🏻 Formulations -

Rasonadi vati

Lashunadya ghrita

Lashunakshirapaka

Rasonashtaka

Vachalashunadi taila

🙏 श्रीं गणेशाय नमः 🙏

*GANESH CHATURTHI* :-

👉🏻 Introduction:-

• वक्रतुण्ड महाकाय सूर्यकोटि समप्रभ ।

निर्विघ्नं कुरु मे देव सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा ॥

- Who has a Curved Trunk, Who has a Large Body and Whose Splendour is similar to Million Suns;O Deva, Please Make my Undertakings Free of Obstacles, By extending Your Blessings in All my Works, Always.

- Who has broken tusk,  rounded body carrying the wisdom of the univers, tray of sweets by his side, tiny mouse on the other, lotus in one hand, crown on his head, second arm raised with an axe, third lifting in benediction and blessing. This is the mighty Ganesha. 

- The god who is remover of obstacle, patron of art and science,God of wisdom. The son of Shiva and Parvati. 

- On his birthday every year ; Hindu’s celebrate with great fervour and devotion every year named as ' Ganesh Chaturthi'.

👉🏻The birth of Lord Ganesha:-

- Each story of his birth touches upon a different aspect of his godly personality. 

- In popular mythology, Ganesha is considered to be the son of Shiva and Parvati, and brother of Skanda(Kartikeya).

- However, the Puranic myths tell a different tale. Some say he was created by Shiva, others by Parvati.

- One of the most popular iterations of his birth is from Parvati.

- The goddess wanted to bathe and did not want to be disturbed. 

- Since, Nandi was not there to stand guard, Parvati took the turmeric paste she used for bathing and fashioned a young boy from it. She breathed life into it, and thus Ganesha was born.

- However, when Shiva wanted to see his wife, Ganesha would not let him pass until Parvati was done.

- Sensing that this was no ordinary guard, Shiva decapitated the boy’s head. 

- When Parvati heard of this, she was enraged. She would only be pacified if the boy was brought back to life and if he was worshipped as a God.

- Shiva agreed to her conditions and sent his Shiva-dutas out to bring the head of the closest deceased creature, with its head pointing north.

- They returned with the head of the powerful elephant Gajasura, which was placed on the boy’s body.

- Brahma breathed new life into him and declared him a God before all others.

👉🏻 Devotion, celebration and immersion:-

√ Ganesh Chaturthi includes 4 distinct rituals:-

1. Pranapratishtha

2. Shodashopachara

3. Uttarpuja

4. Ganpati Visarjan.

1. Paranapratishtha:-

- In Pranapratishtha the idol of Ganesha is created. 

- The devotees then place the idol on a pandal or in their home.

- Devotees pray, perform musical concerts and sing devotional songs to the idol.

2. Shodashopachara:-

- During Shhodashopachara, 16 types of prayers are performed, including decorating the idol with flowers and offering sweets.

3. Uttarpuja:-

- It takes place right before the immersion.

- The deity is taken from the home or pandal and is prepared for the water.

4. Visarjan:-

- where the idol is immersed in the sea. It is said that Ganesha wrote the Mahabharat as Sage Vyasa narrated it to him.

- When he ran out of writing materials, he broke his tusk and continued to write with it. The writing process went on for 10 days (the length of the festival).

- Once that was done, clay was applied all over Ganesha’s body, and he was taken for a bath in the river. 

- On the 11th day, Ganesha is thus immersed in water. 

- This ritual is a reminder of Ganesha’s incredible intelligence – one that is boundless and formless just like the water. It also signifies that nothing is permanent.

👉🏻 Celebrations in different States:-

- Maharashtra goes into a state of extreme devotion and celebration during this 10-day festival. 

- Idols of Ganesha can be found in every home, in every corner, on the street as neighbourhoods come together to celebrate.

- Similar to Maharashtra, Gujarat celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi will equal splendour. 

- Over a span of 7-10 days, temples, pandals, houses and streets fill with celebrations and performances.

- In September, the markets of Madhya Pradesh overflow with idols of Ganesha – from the small and delicate, the eco-friendly and simple and the grand and gorgeous idols of lord Ganesha.

- Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Chovoth in Goa. For Goan Hindus, this is the time for celebrating with the family.

- In Karnataka, celebrations are a little different. The festival begins by celebrating Lord Ganesha’s mother, Gauri (Parvati).

- In Tamil Nadu, a special sweet known as Kozhukattai is made for Lord Ganesha.

🔘 Gulma Roga

Gulma

👉🏻Classification of Gulma -

इह खलु पञ्च गुल्मा भवन्ति; तद्यथा-

वातगुल्मः, पित्तगुल्मः, श्लेष्मगुल्मो,

निचयगुल्म:, शोणितगुल्म इति  ||

There are five types of gulma-

vata dominant gulma, pitta

dominant gulma, shleshma/

kapha dominant gulma, nichaya

(tridosha dominant) gulma, and

shonita gulma.

👉🏻Etio-Pathogenesis of Vata Dominant Gulma-

यदा पुरुषो वातलो विशेषेण

ज्वरवमनविरेचनातीसाराणामन्यतमेन

कर्शनेन कर्शितो वातलमाहारमाहरति,

शीतं वा विशेषेणातिमात्रम् अस्नेहपूर्वे

वा वमनविरेचने पिबति, अनुदीर्णां

वा छर्दिमुदीरयति, उदीर्णान्

वातमूत्रपुरीषवेगान्निरुणद्धि, अत्यशितो

वा पिबति नवोदकमतिमात्रम्,

अतिसङ्क्षोभिणा वा यानेन याति,

अतिव्यवायव्यायाममद्यशोकरुचिर्वा,

अभिघातमृच्छति वा,

विषमासनशयनस्थानचङ्क्रमणसेवी

वा भवति, अन्यद्वा किञ्चिदेवंविधं

विषममतिमात्रं व्यायामजातमारभते,

तस्यापचाराद्वातः प्रकोपमापद्यते||६||

When a person of vatika

constitution, particularly

emaciated due to one of

the debilitating factors like fever, emesis, purgation and

diarrhoea, consumes vata-aggravating food or excessively

cold food, in excessive

quantities, or is administered

emesis or purgation without prior unction, he vomits profusely and holds up impelling

urges of flatus, urine, bowel movement. Or if such a person,after consuming a heavy meal,drinks a lot of fresh water or

travels by an excessively jerking vehicle, indulges in excessive sexual intercourse, intensive

physical exercise, or drinks alcoholic drinks, or suffers from excessive anxiety, or is subjected to injury or uses uneven postures in sitting,sleeping,standing and walking, or starts

some other similar sort of irregular and excessive physical

exercises -vata gets vitiated or aggravated. 

स प्रकुपितो वायुर्महास्रोतोऽनुप्रविश्य

रौक्ष्यात् कठिनीभूतमाप्लुत्य

पिण्डितोऽवस्थानं करोति हदि बस्तौपार्श्वयोर्नाभ्यां वा; स शूलमुपजनयतिग्रन्थींश्चानेकविधान्, पिण्डितश्चावतिष्ठते,स पिण्डितत्वाद् 'गुल्म'इत्यभिधीयते;

समुहुराधमतिमुहुरल्पत्वमापद्यते;

अनियतविपुलाणुवेदनश्च भवति

चलत्वाद्वायोः,मुहुःपिपीलिकासम्प्रचारइवाङ्गेषु,तोदभेदस्फुरणायामसङ्कोचसुप्तिहर्षप्रलयोदयबहुलः; तदातुरःसूच्येव शङ्कुनेव चाभिसंविद्धमात्मानंमन्यते, अपि च दिवसान्ते ज्वर्यते शुष्यति

चास्यास्यम्,उच्छवासश्चोपरुध्यते, हृष्यन्तिचास्य रोमाणि वेदनायाः प्रादुर्भावे;प्लीहाटोTনकजनातिाकोटात्ताळमर्टशिपान्त्रकूजनाविपाकोदावत्ताङ्गमर्दमन्याशि

र:शङ्खशूलब्रध्नरोगाश्चैनमुपद्रवन्ति;कृष्णारुणपरुषत्वङ्नखनयनवदनमूत्रपुरीषश्चभवति, निदानोक्तानि चास्य नोपशेरते,विपरीतानि चोपशेरत इति वातगुल्मः|| ||

Such vitiated vata, on entering the mahasrotas, hardens due to dryness forming a mass or

swelling localised in the regions of 

-heart

-urinary bladder

- sides and the navel.

 Thecondition,gulma (or vatagulma),is painful and can take the shape of a single swelling or multiplenodules of various types. It sometimes gets aggravated and enlarged, sometimes diminished, and causes mild or severe pain due to instability of vayu. Sometimes there are

tingling sensations like -ants crawling on body  -frequent onset and diminution of various

types of painful sensations such

as 

-piercing

-breaking 

-twitching

-extension

-contraction

-numbness

-hyperaesthesia,etc.

 These sensations could be accompanied bv a rise intemperature usually in the evenings, dryness of mouth,

difficulty in expiration,

horripilation at the onset of pain and complications such

as 

-spleen (enlargement),

-distension 

-gurgling sound in the abdomen

-indigestion

-udavarta (upward movement of vata), -bodyache

-pain in the lateral side of the neck

- head and temple regions and bradhana (swellings of the inguinal region) with appearance of blackness, reddishness and roughness in

skin, nails, eyes, face, urine and feces. 

The disease aggravates

due to these etiological factors and pacifies due to opposite factors. These are characteristic

features of vata gulma.

👉🏻Pitta Dominant Gulma -

तैरेवतुकर्शनैःकर्शितस्याम्ललवणकटुकक्षारोष्ण तीक्ष्णशुक्तव्यापन्न मद्यहरितकफलाम्लानां

विदाहिनां च शाकधान्य मांसादीनामुपयो

गादजीर्णाध्यशनाद्रौक्ष्यानुगते चामाशयेवमनमतिवेलं सन्धारणं वातातपौचातिसेवमानस्य पित्तं सह मारुतेनप्रकोपमापद्यते|| ||

If a person, weakened by ailments or various etiological factors , uses 

-sour

-salty

-pungent

- alkaline substances with hot and sharp potency

- vinegar

-improperly prepared or denatured alcoholic

drinks

-salads

-sour fruits 

- acidic vegetables, grains,meat etc., takes food during indigestion, is administered

emesis when amashaya is dry (or not properly oleated),suppresses natural urges for

long, or is exposed excessively to the sun and wind, his pitta

along with vata gets vitiated or aggravated.

तत्प्रकुपितंमारुतआमाशयैकदेशे

संवत्त्यतानेववेदनाप्रकारानुपजनयति,य उक्ता वातगुल्मे; पित्तं त्वेनं विदहतिकुक्षौ हृद्युरसि कण्ठे च; स विदह्यमानः

सधूममिवोद्गारमुद्गिरत्यम्लान्वितं,

गुल्मावकाशश्चास्य दह्यते दूयते धूप्यतेऊष्मायते स्विद्यति क्लिद्यति शिथिल

इव स्पर्शासहोऽल्परोमाञ्चश्च भवति;ज्वरभ्रमदवथुपिपासागलतालुमुखशोषप्रमोहविड्भेदाश्चैनमुपद्रवन्ति;

हरितहारिद्रत्वङ्नखनयनवदनमूत्रपुरीषश्चभवति; निदानोक्तानि चास्य नोपशेरते,

विपरीतान्युपशेरतइतिपित्तगुल्मः||

Aggravated vata, along with vitiated pitta, gets (completely or partially) collected in the amashaya and produces the same types of pain as mentioned for vata gulma.Due to aggravation of pitta in certain cases, the patient feels a burning sensation (with

hyperacidity) in the belly, cardiac region, chest and throat while letting out smoky and sour eructations at the same time. In the location of gulma, there is 

-burning sensation

-pain

-sensations of fuming

-sweating  

-moistening

-laxity

-tenderness 

- slight horripilation. 

The patient could exhibit symptoms such as

- fever

-giddiness

-burning pain

-thirst

-dryness of throat, palate and mouth, -fainting 

- diarrhea 

- develops greenish or yellowish discoloration of skin,nails, eyes, face, urine and feces.

The disease aggravates due to these etiological factors and pacifies due to opposite factors.

This variant of gulma is called pitta gulma.

👉🏻Kapha Dominant Gulma -

तैरेव तु कर्शनैः कर्शितस्यात्यश

नादतिस्निग्धगुरुमधुरशीताशनात्

पिष्टेक्षुक्षीरतिलमाषगुडविकृतिसेवनान्मन्दकमद्यातिपानाद्धरितकातिप्रणनयादानूपौदकग्राम्यमांसातिभक्षणात्सन्धारणादबुभुक्षस्य चातिप्रगाढमुदपानात्

सङ्क्षोभणाद्वा शरीरस्य श्लेष्मा सहमारुतेन प्रकोपमापद्यते||

If a person weakened by

diseases or aforesaid factors takes

- too muchunctuous -heavy

-sweet 

-cold things

-habitually takes

preparations of (rice) flour, sugarcane, milk, sesame, black

gram andsugar (jaggery)

-uses excessive

immature curd -alcoholic drinks

-salads

- eats meat of marshy,

aquatic and domesticated

animals in excessive quantities

-suppresses natural urges

-drinks too much water when hungry, or is subjected to excessive shaking of the body (caused by travellingon rough roads, etc.), his kapha

along with vata gets vitiated or aggravated. 

तं प्रकुपितं मारुत आमाशयैकदेशे

संवत्त्य तानेव वेदनाप्रकारानुपजनयति

य उक्ता वातगुल्मे; श्लेष्मा त्वस्य

शीतज्वरारोचकाविपाकाङ्गमर्द

हर्षहृद्रोगच्छर्दिनिद्रालस्यस्तैमित्यगौरवशिरोभितापानुपजनयति, अपि चगुल्मस्यस्थैर्यगौरवकाठिन्यावगाढसुप्तताः,

तथाकासश्वासप्रतिश्यायान्

राजयक्ष्माणं चातिप्रवृद्धः, श्वैत्यं

त्वङ्नखनयनवदनमूत्रपुरीषेषूपजनयति,

निदानोक्तानि चास्य नोपशेरते, विपरीतानिचोपशेरत इति श्लेष्मगुल्मः||

Such aggravated vata along with vitiated kapha, when

accumulated in the amashaya

(upper part of abdomen)

region or a part of it, causes the same types of painful symptoms as mentioned for vata gulma. Kapha causes

fever accompanied with -cold sensation -anorexia

-indigestion

-bodyache

-horripilation

- heartdisease

-vomiting

-excess sleep

-lassitude

-sweating

- feeling of heaviness 

-distress in the head. 

In the region where the gulma is located, there is fixity, heaviness, hardness, and numbness. Complications could occur such as

- cough

-dyspnoea

-coryza 

 -tuberculosis

 in much advanced stages. In terms of physical appearance, thepatient develops whiteness in skin, nails, face, urine and feces.

The disease aggravates due to these etiological factors and pacifies due to opposite factors.

This variant of gulma is called kapha gulma. 

👉🏻Tridosha Dominant Gulma -

त्रिदोषहेतुलिङ्गसन्निपाते तु

सान्निपातिकं गुल्ममुपदिशन्ति कुशलाः|

स विप्रतिषिद्धोपक्रमत्वादसाध्यो

निचयगुल्म: ||

When the symptoms of three doshas are exhibited, a gulma patient is said to be ailing from sannipatika gulma. This condition is incurable. 

👉🏻Shonita Gulma

शोणितगुल्मस्तु खलु स्त्रिया एव

भवति न पुरुषस्य, गर्भकोष्ठार्तवागमन

वैशेष्यात् पारतन्त्र्यादवैशारद्यात्

सततमुपचारानुरोधाद्वा

वेगानुदीर्णानुपरुन्धत्या आमगर्भे

वाऽप्यचिरपतितेऽथवाऽप्यचिरप्रजातायाऋतौवावातप्रकोपणान्यासेवमानायाःक्षिप्रंवातः प्रकोपमापद्यते|| ||

Shonita or raktagulma occurs specifically only in women and not in men because of presence of uterus and menstrual flow in the former. In woman, who suppress their natural urges

because of dependence,ignorance or a constant attendance to service of others or uses vata aggravating substances soon after abortion, delivery or during menstruation,

vata gets vitiated or aggravated quickly.

👉🏻Prodormal Symptoms -

एषां तु खलु पञ्चानां गुल्मानां

प्रागभिनिर्वृत्तेरिमानि पूर्वरूपाणि

भवन्ति; तद्यथा-अनन्नाभिलषणम्,

अरोचकाविपाकौ, अग्निवैषम्यं, विदाहोभुक्तस्य, पाककाले चायुक्त्याछट्टुद्गारौ,वातमूत्रपुरीषवेगानां चाप्रादुर्भावप्रादुर्भूतानां चाप्रवृत्तिरीषदागमनं वा,वातशूलाटोपान्त्रकूजनापरिहर्षणातिवृत्तपुरीषताः, अबुभुक्षा, दौर्बल्यं,सौहित्यस्यचासहत्वमिति || ||

These five types of gulma have the following prodormal

symptoms just prior to

occurring: 

-aversion to food -anorexia 

- indigestion

-disturbed metabolism

-burning sensation after taking meals

-vomiting and 

-unusual eructations

-reduced urge for flatus urine and bowel

movements

-pain 

-distension

-gurgling sound 

-horripilation

-diarrhea due to vata 

-loss of appetite debility 

-inability to endure satiety.

🔘 KALKA KALPNA

KALKA KALPANA

PASTE OF DRUGS) 

👉🏻Definition:

• द्रव्यमाद्रम शिलापिषट शुष्कं वा सजलम् भवेत I

प्रक्षेप- आवापकल्कास्तेतन्म आनं करशर्न्मितम ॥

(Sa Ma. Kha 5/1)

- The soft mass of the drug' prepared by pounding the drug in a clean khalva yantra is called as kalka .

- It can be prepared from both wet and dry drugs.

- In case of dry drugs desired quantity uf water is added te the fine powder of the drug and is triturated to homogenous kalka form.

- Parthivarnsa pradhana drugs are preferred e prepare kalka. Soft paste obtained along with juice after pounding the drug in khalva yantra is called as kalka

• यः पिडो रसपिष्टानां स कल्क: परिकीर्तितः ।

- The paste prepared by grinding the drug with the help of stone or teeth.

👉🏻 Synonyms:-

- Praksepa, avap,pinda, are its synonyms

👉🏻Kalka general method of preparation:-

- The 'selected drug' is properly washed and wiped with a clean dry

cloth.

- The wiped drug is now taken in a clean khalva yantra.

- It is ground well into soft paste form devoid of any fibrous part. This fine fiber free paste is used for therapeutic purposes.

👉🏻Kalka- dosage and shelf life:-

- One karsha (12gm ) the general dosage of kalka. All types of kalka are meant for insant use.

👉🏻Kalka- prakshepaka dravya and their quantity:-

• कल्के मधु घृतं तैल देयं द्विगुणमात्रया। सितागुडं समौ दद्याद् द्रवा देयाश्चतुर्गुणाः॥

(Sā.Ma.Kha 5/2)

- Praksepaka dravya:-

1. Madhu, ghrta and taila:- Double

2.Sita' guda:- equal

3.Drava:- four times

👉🏻Kalka- general uses:

√ Kalka is less heavy for digestion in ccmparison with swarasa.

It is used in the preparation of many other secondary preparations.

√ It is also used as anupana (adjuvant) while administering other liquid or solid dosage forms.

👉🏻Examples:

1. Nimba kalka:

👉🏻Method of preparation:

- Required quantity of freshly collected 'nimba patra' are washed and wiped with a clean dry cloth.

- This wiped drug is pounded in a clean khalva yantra to fine paste form the fine paste obtained is collected and used for therapeutic purposes as 'nimba kalka'.

👉🏻Dosage, adjuvant and indication:-

- One karsa 12 gm of 'nimba kalka' is administered along with suitable adjuvant (guda, śarkarā or madhu) in suitable ratio.

- Its internal administration is found beneficial in case of chardi (vomiting), kuştha (skin diseases), pittaja and śleşmaja krimi (intestinal worms.

Its external application helps in keeping the wound clean (vrana śodhana) and hasters the wound healing process (vraņa-ropana).

2. Rasona kalka:-

👉🏻Method of preparation:

- Required quantity of well grown 'garlic bulbs (rasona or laśuna) are taken and their external covering is removed.

They soaked overnight in buttermilk. By soaking overnight in butter milk, the 'tiksnatā' of rasona (garlic) is reduced and the drug is purified.

- Next day the soaked garlic bulbs are collected, taken in a clean khalva yantra and pounded to fine paste form. 

- The fine paste is collected and for the therapeutic purposes as ' rasona kalka'.

👉🏻Dosage , adjuvant and indications :-

One karsa (12gm) of rason kalka is administered along with double quantity of Tila taila .

- It is useful in severe vataja rogas and visama Jwara.

🔘 Nidra

NIDRA

👉🏻 Introduction:-

- The Trayopasthmbhas are the subsidiary pillars, which support the body throughout the life span, by providing the qualities like Bala, Varna, Upachaya etc. 

- The Trayopastmbhas are Ahara, Nidra and Brahmacharya. 

- Each one impotence because these factors are concerned with the basic needs of living system and over indulgence or total abstinence of any of these may be harmful to life.

- The Ahara is mainly concerned with the energy production and maintenance of living tissues.

- The Nidra is the one which provide complete relaxation to the body and mind and there it restores the potentials of the individual.

-  The Brahmacharya is concemed with disciplined mode of

sexual life and reproduction.

👉🏻 Derivation of Nidra:-

-Nidra is derived from the root "Dra" with a prefix N'.

- The root "Dra" means undesired. Therefore Nidra is considered as state in which there will

be no desire.

👉🏻 Synonyms:-

- Sayana

- Swapna

- Tatwapratibodhe

- Swanyavastha

- Swapa

- Samvesa

- Suptavastha

👉🏻 Defination (Nirukti):-

•यदातुमनसिक्लान्तेकर्मान्तेकर्मात्मनः क्लमान्विता।      

विषयेग्योनिवर्तन्तेतदास्वपतिमानवः ॥                                                           (च.सू. 21/35)

- Charakacharya explains Nidra is a special state of mind in which the mind is not associated with any type of Indriyas. This detachment from the Bahya Vishaya is result from the tiredness of the body as well as mind.

👉🏻 Other definations:-

1. According to sushruta:-

• हद्यंचेतनास्थानमुक्तंसुश्चुत ! देहिनाम ॥ तमोभिभूतेत्तरसंमिस्तुनिद्राविशतिदेहिनम ||

                                          (सु. शा. 4/34)

- Hrudya is the seat of Chetana and when it is dominated by covered by Tamas tie

person gets sleep.

2.According to Vagbhatta:-

• श्लेष्मावृतेषुस्त्रोत: सु श्रमादुपरतेषु ।

                                       (अ.स.सू. 9/29)

- The Strotasa become accumulated with Shleshma and the Mana is devoid of sense organs because of Fatigueness, so individual gets sleep.

👉🏻 Types of Nidra:-

√ Acharya Caraka has classified Nidra in following manner according to causes-

• तमोभवा श्लेप्मसमुद्धावाचमनः     शरिरश्रमसंभवाच।

आगन्तुकीव्याध्यनुरवतिनीचरात्रिस्वभावप्रभवाचनिद्रा |                                                                      (च.सू. 21/58)

1. Tamobhava- caused by Tama.

2. Sleshmasamudbhava- caused by highly aggravated Kapha.

3. Manah-Sharir Srama Sambhava-caused by physical and mental exhaustion.

4. Agantuki-indicative of bad prognosis leading imninent death.

5. Vyadhi-Anuvartini- caused as a complication of other disease like Sannipataja

Jwara etc.

6. Ratri-Swabhava Prabhava- caused by the very nature of the night.)

√ Acharya Dalhana has classified Nidra into three types on the basis of Susruta Samhita:-

1.Tamasi- When SangyavahaSrotas become filled with Shlesma dominated by Tamoguna, Tamasi Nidra is produced.

2.Swabhaviki- this type of Nidra occurs naturally and daily in all living beings.

3.Vaikariki - if there is any disturbancę in Mana and body, Nidra does not occur. But

if Nidra is occurred, it is Vaikariki Nidra.

👉🏻 Physiology of Nidra:-

- When the mind including sensory and motor organs is exhausted and they dissociate themselves from their objects, then the individual sleeps.

- According to Acharya Charaka, when the Man including Indriyas is exhausted and thus they dissociate themselves from their objects, the individual sleeps.

- When the Mana gets exhausted or becomes inactive and the Gyanendriyas and Karmendriyas become inactive then the individual gets sleep.

- Acharya Sushruta said about the physiology of Nidrathat Hridaya is the seat of Chetna in living being. When this is invaded by Tamo Guna, persons are subjected to Nidra. 

- Tamo Guna is the cause of sleep and Satva Guna is the cause of awakening but overall, nature itself is more dominant cause. 

- Acharya Caraka explained physiology of Nidra that when Srotas of the body become covered by Kapha, then the body is fatigued by exertion and when the sense organs are not functioning, Nidra manifests in the body.

👉🏻 Effect of Sleep(Properties of yukta nidra):-

• निद्रायत्तंसुखं दुःखं पुष्टिः काश्श्यबलाबलम |

वृषताबलीबता   ज्ञानमज्ञानंजीवितंनच ॥

अकालेऽतिप्रसगाच्चनअचनिद्रानिषेविता । सुखायुपीपराकुर्यांतकालरात्रिरिवापरा ॥

सैवयुक्तापुनर्युक्तेनिद्रादेहंसुखायुषा । पुरुषंयोगिनंसिद्धयासत्याबुद्धिरिवागता ॥

                                   ( च. सू. 21/36-38)

- Happiness, misery, nourishment, emaciation, strength, weakness, virility, sterility,knowledge, ignorance, life and death- all these occur depending on proper or improper sleep.

- According to Sushruta Samhita, a good sleep enjoyed at proper time and for proper period, tends to improve the growth, strength, vigor and complexion of the body.

- It increases the sense of well-being by freshening the body and mind and also restores the natural equilibrium among different body tissues. So much so that the scope and importance of good sleep has been equated with the soundness of health enjoyed by a person.

- There is no physiological system in the body which doesn't get the salutary effect of sound and soothing sleep.

👉 Regulation of Sleep:-

- Sleep-wake cycle is regulated by a small gland in the brain called the *pineal gland.*

- The pineal gland receives and interprets light and darkness signals from the eyes.

- Chemical messengers translate these signals into the production of melatonin, a hormone that makes you feel sleepy.

- The pineal gland has receptors for both dopamine and serotonin.

 *1) Dopamine:-* 

- Dopamine is associated and trusted Source with wakefulness. 

- Drugs that increase dopamine levels, such as cocaine and amphetamines, typically increase alertness.

- In addition, diseases that decrease dopamine production, such as Parkinson’s disease, often cause drowsiness.

- In the pineal gland, dopamine can stop the effects of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter involved in producing and releasing melatonin. 

- When influenced by dopamine, your pineal gland makes and releases less melatonin, causing you to perk up.

 *2) Serotonin:-* 

- Serotonin’s role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle is complex. 

- While it helps in maintaining sleep, it can also prevent you from falling asleep.

- How serotonin affects sleep depends on the part of the brain it comes from, the type of serotonin receptor it binds to, and several other factors.

- In a part of your brain called the dorsal raphe nucleus, high serotonin is associated with wakefulness.

- However, an accumulation of serotonin in the area over time may put you to sleep.

- Serotonin is also involved in preventing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Studies have shown that increasing serotonin through the use of SSRIs reduces REM sleep.

- While serotonin seems to both induce sleep and keep you up, it’s a chemical precursor to melatonin, the main hormone involved in sleep. 

- Your body needs serotonin from your pineal gland to produce melatonin.

√ THE MAIN DIFFERENCE between both dopamine and serotonin are involved in your sleep-wake cycle. 

√ Dopamine can inhibit norepinephrine, causing you to feel more alert. 

√ Serotonin is involved in wakefulness, sleep onset, and preventing REM sleep. It’s also required to produce melatonin.

👉🏻 Physiological characteristics of sleep in healthy persons:-

- Closed eyes

- Decreased pulse

- Decreased respiratory rate

- Decreased blood pressure

- Decreased body temperature

👉🏻 Physiological characteristics of sleep in ill persons:-

- Rhythmic movement disorder (jactatio capitis nocturna)

- Waking up more than 12 times

- Sweating (hyperhidrosis)

- Unrecognizable sleep phases

👉🏻 Nidra-swasthya sambandha:-

- Untimely and excessive sleep takes away both happiness and longevity.

-The same sleep, if properly enjoyed brings happiness and longevity in human beings as real

knowledge brings about spiritual power in a yogi.

👉🏻 Diwaswapna(Day sleep):-

√ Indications:-

- For most, day sleep is contraindicated but sleeping during the day time can be described for those who are exhausted by singing, study, alcoholie drinks, sexual acts,eimination therapy, carrying heavy weight, walking leng distance; those suffering from

phthisis, wasting diseases like tuberculosis, thirst, diarrhea, colic pain, dyspnea, hiccup,insanity, those who are too old, too young, weak and emaciated; those injured by fall and assault, those exhausted by journey by a vehicle, anger, grief and fear, and those who are accustomed to day sleep i.e. they are working in night.

√ Benefits of Day sleep:-

- Equilibrium of Dhatus and strength are maintained and Kapha nourishes the organs and ensures longevity. 

- In summer season, nights become shorter and Vata gets aggravated in the body due to the absorption of fluid (Adana Kala).

- Therefore, during this season, sleep during the daytime is prescribed for all.

√ Contra-indications of day sleep:-

- Sleeping during the daytime in the seasons other than summer is not advisable as it causes vitiation of Kapha and Pitta.

- Persons with excessive fat, those who are addicted

to taking unctuaus substances, those with Kapha constitution, those suffering from diseases due to the vitiation of Kapha and those suflering from artificial poisoning should never sleep during day time.

-  If one violates the prescription regarding sleep during the day time, he would subject himself to Halimaka (type of jaundice), headache, feeling as if

body is covered by wet blanket, heaviness of the body, malaise, loss of digestive power,Hridaya-Alepa (a feeling as if adhered to the heart), edema, anorexia, nausea, sinusitis,rhinitis, hemicranias, urticaria, eruption, abscess, prurutus, drowsiness, coughing,discases of the throat, impairment of the memory and intelligence, obstruction of the

circulating channels of the body, fever, weakness of sensory and motor organs andenhancement of the toxic effects of artificial poisons.

- So one should considering the merits and demerits of sleep in various seasons and situations.

- So that it may bring happiness

and health to him. Just because you feel like you need to nap during the day, it doesh t

mean it is beneficial for you.

👉🏻 Ratri Jagarana(Night awakening):-

• रात्रौजागरणं रुक्षं स्निग्धंप्रस्वपनंदिवा । अरुक्षमनभिष्यन्दित्वासीनप्रचलायितम |                                          (च. सू. 21/50)

- Awakening during night causes roughness in the body; sleep during daytime cause's unctuousness and sleeping in sitting posture does neither cause roughness nor unctuousness.

👉🏻 Swapna (Dreams):-

- Sleep is a physiological phase of 'unawake' that exists between two phase of normal and routine awakening. 

- It is a period of rest for the body and mind during which bodily functions are partially suspended and sensitivity to the external stimuli is diminished, but

readily or easily regained.

- After hours of working (physical or mental) our mind & body need rest, so that they are once again charged. But when we are dreaming during sleep our mind is still working, it isn't taking rest. 

- That is why people who dream often are not feeling fresh (mind is not recharged) even after long hours of sleep, or they want to sleep more in the daytime. 

- The quality of sleep is hampered due to dreams which in turn hamper our thinking/working

process & thus quality of life in the long run.

👉🏻 Sleep requirements:-

- During sleep the body gets repaired by itself and the brain processes the day's events and helps to sort them. 

- Some sleep more and other sleep less, burboth may be normal.

- The range of deviation of sleeping hours in the normal adult population is 4 to 10 hours per day. 

- Although the infants and children sleep more while the old people sleep less.

- A normal adult can with stand several days up to 10 days of sleep deprivation without showing any remarkably gross changes.

• New born babies :- 16-20 hours

• Children's :- 12-14 hours

• Adults :- 4-10 hours

• Old :- About 5 hours

👉🏻 Methods and measures to induce a good sleep:-

√ Aharaja Hetu :- Gramya, Anup, Varija Mamasa Rasa, Shalyanna, Shali with Dadhi, Ksheera, Madya, Sneha.

√ Viharaja Hetu :- Abhyanga, Snana, Utsadana, Samvahana, Cakshusostaerpana, application of soothing pastes to the head, application of soothing pastes to the face, comfortable bed, sleep in proper time.

√ Manasika Hetu :- pleasure of mind, indulging in odors' and sound of once own taste.

- Person gets sleep immediately when the etiologies of sleeplessness are removed.

👉🏻 Nidra-one of the Vega:-

- Vegas are natural urges which should not be controlled deliberately. 

- Nidra is one among the 13 Vegas. The Dharana of Nidra Vega may cause Moha, Gaurava, of Shira

and Akshi, Alasya, Jrumbha and Angamarda.

- The treatment that be given to these symptoms is nothing but allow the individual to sleep. Gentle touch also can promote sleep,

👉🏻 Causes of Anidra(Insomnia):-

- Elimination of Doshas in excess from the body through purgation and emesis, Nasya,fear, anxiety, anger, smoking, excessive physical exercise, excess bloodletting/loss,fasting and uncomfortable bed are causes for insomnia.

- The above mentioned factors along with overwork, stress, old age, diseases, especially these due to the vitiation of Vata like colic pain, etc. are known to cause sleeplessness even in normal individuals. Some are insomniac even by nature.