✨ DEEPAVALI ✨

 

✨DEEPAVALI✨ :-

👉🏻 Introduction:-

 - Every year, Indian communities all over the world celebrate Diwali, the Festival of Lights, with much fanfare.

- Diwali is a five-day festival that celebrates the triumph of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and hope over despair. 

- The origin of the word ‘Diwali’ is from the Sanskrit word ‘Deepavali’ where ‘deepa’ means ‘light’ and ‘vali’ means ‘row’; thus a row of lights, which is exactly what is seen in homes during this time—rows of light in celebration of the festival.  

- This festival is celebrated on Amavasya or ‘no moon’ day and heralds the dawn of a New Year according to the Hindu calendar.

- Celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains, each of these groups honor some historical figure and significance.

- Whatever one’s belief, it is a celebration of good over evil and heralds new, positive beginnings.

👉🏻 Celebrations of Diwali:-

- The Festival of Lights does just that―light up the homes and hearts of communities all over the world. During the five-day period, people’s homes are lit up by diyas’ and the exteriors are often decorated with electric lights. 

- Inside the home, one will find intricate rangoli art, which are patterns on the floor created by either rice or coloured powder. 

- Neighbours exchange gifts, and the emphasis is often on sweets, dried fruit, and other gifts. It is also a time to share with those in need and give freely to members of the community who have little.

- The air is rich with the smell of incense, the acrid smell of burning crackers, and the aromas coming from the kitchen.

- The celebration features various rich savoury and sweet dishes, and while eating out is popular, families will mostly prepare food at home for when guests arrive to exchange gifts and watch fireworks.

👉🏻 Diwali Mythology:-

- Some differences in how the Diwali celebration is performed exist between the north and south. 

- One in particular is associated with the first day of celebrations, when those in South India celebrate the victory of Lord Krishna over the demon Naraka – a day before celebrations in the North. 

- Celebrations in Northern India begin with rituals associated with the return of Lord Rama (Ram) to Ayodhya after years of exile.

- According to latter legend, Diwali celebrates Rama’s return from a 14-year exile imposed on him by his father. 

- Upon his return, he finds his subjects distressed by the demon Ravana, a smart but evil ‘pundit,’ who terrorizes the Kingdom. 

- In celebration of  his return, Rama’s subjects welcome him back by lighting lamps, marking the holiday’s signature ritual. Rama, along with his wife Sita, defeats the demon and frees his Kingdom from oppression.  

- Today, Lord Rama’s return and victory signifies the triumph of good over evil.

 - In addition, another popular ritual associated with Diwali in India is the puja dedicated to the Hindu Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity, Lakshmi. 

- Diwali also commemorates the beginning of the New Year and is marked by the lighting of fireworks.

👉🏻The significance behind the five days of Diwali Celebration:-

√ The First Day:-

- Dhanteras marks the beginning of the end of a 14 day dark period. 

- On this day, the Lord Dhanvantari’s rises from the Ocean with Ayurvedic (medicine) for humankind. 

- This day starts the festival of lights.

√ The Second Day:-

- Narak Chaturdasi celebrates  Lord Krishna’s defeat of a demon named Narakasura. 

- The demon asks Lord Krishna for forgiveness and Krishna grants it. - This day has been dedicated to the belief that even the worst of us can change and deserve sympathy. 

- It is also a celebrated as the day Lord Krishna freed the world from fear.

√ The Third Day:-

- Lakshimi Puja is the main celebration day of Diwali. 

- On this day the Goddess Lakshmi emerged from the ocean bringing with her wealth and prosperity for the world. 

- People responded by honoring and praising Lakshmi, and this practice continues to day.

√ The Fourth Day:-

- Padwa and Goverdhan Puja is a day for the prayer known as Goverdhan Puja (pooja)- a large offering of food. Some celebrate this day in honor of Lord Krishna’s protection of the villagers of Vrindavan from torrential rain caused by Indra (the god of rain and storms).

√ The Fifth Day:-

- Bhai Duj celebrates the love and affection between brothers and sisters. 

- It reinstates the bother’s duty to protect and value his sister, and the sister’s reciprocated affection. 

 - On this day, a great feast is shared between brothers and sisters

👉🏻 How are each of the five days celebrated?

- There are many practices surrounding the Hindu festival, with each day consisting of a different ritual or a prayer to a particular god.

√ On the First Day:-

- People clean, renovate, and decorate their houses and businesses. 

- Some will place a lighted or colorful Rangoli designs outside the door and small lights surround the house.

- Diyas (lamps) are lit and sweets offered as a sacrifice to the Goddess Lakshmi.

√ On the Second Day:-

- Some celebrate by waking up before sunrise, bathing, and anointing themselves with oil. 

- Firecrackers and fireworks are generally set off on this day.

√ On the Third Day:-

- Houses are alight with diyas in celebration of Lakshmi. 

- Firecrackers and fireworks are set into the sky, and sparklers are lit (particularly popular with children). 

- New clothes are worn, gifts and sweets are shared, and people generally partake in a feast.

√ On the Fourth Day:-

- Sacrifices and offerings are made to deities.

√ On the Fifth and final day -

-  Sisters share their meals with their bothers while the brothers share gifts with their sisters.

👉🏻 Diwali celebrations in different parts of India:-

1. North India:-

- In Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Srinagar, Delhi and Punjab, the Deepavali festival is celebrated with fireworks, lights, and, sweets.

- Lord Ganesha and goddess Lakshmi are also worshipped in Hindu homes on this day. 

- If you’re in the capital, you shouldn’t miss the Diwali mela in Delhi that lets you buy decor and food items for the festival and for best Diwali celebration in India. 

- Uttar Pradesh is also considered as one of the best places to visit on Diwali.

2. East India:-

- In West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, and Odisha, Diwali celebraton in East India is mainly the night of ancestors, and earthen oil lamps are lit on poles to guide the souls of the departed loved ones to heaven in Odisha. 

- The people of West Bengal and Assam worship goddess Kali on the night of Diwali festival and offer prayers to their ancestors. 

- The people of Bihar and Jharkhand perform Lakshmi pooja in the evening and women make rangolis on the verandah of their homes and temples. 

- For witnessing Diwali in India, visit any of these places.

3. West India:-

- In Gujarat and Maharashtra, rangoli is an important part of their Diwali decoration.

- While Gujaratis draw footprints of goddess Laxmi on the threshold of the house, light their homes with candles, rice lights, and diyas on the night of Diwali, Maharashtrians perform Lakshmi pooja in their homes and organize a feast known as “Faral” for families and friends, where sweets like karanji, ladoo and snacks like chakli and sev are served.

4. South India:-

- In Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu,  while Andhrites and Tamilians worship Lord Krishna and his wife Satyambha’s victory over the demonic King Narkasura, Kannadigas take oil bath and build forts from cow dung in their homes.

👉🏻 Diwali Celebrations around world:-

- Diwali is an occasion of joy, merrymaking, and togetherness for Indians around the world. 

- While the festival is celebrated on a grand scale throughout the country, it is also celebrated in other countries with large Hindu populations that include Nepal, Srilanka, Mauritius, Singapore, Myanmar, Indonesia, Britain, Malaysia, Thailand, Guyana, Japan, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago, Africa, and Australia.

👉🏻 Tips to celebrate Diwali safely:-

√ Here are a few tips for celebrating Diwali in India safely:-

• Stay away from synthetic fabrics, only wear cotton clothes.

• Have a fire extinguisher and keep a first aid kit ready in your home.

• Don’t burn crackers in closed areas.

• Don’t let kids burn aerial fireworks like rocket alone.

• Never ever light a cracker while holding it in your hand.

• Make social distancing with others for prevention against covid 19 and compulsory wear mask when go outside home.

• Light crackers at the time and guidelines said by government and follow all precautions.

👉🏻 Diwali amd Ayurveda:-

- There are many common things between ayurveda and Diwali celebrations. Diwali mostly based on Ayurveda only.

- On Diwali day we all get up early to clean our houses and bright lights. Ayurveda also recommends waking up early in Brahma Muhurta.

- On Diwali special food items are prepared which are again based on Ayurveda. 

- The food is adorned with a perfect co binational spices and sweets. Ayurveda also recommends cooking in same manner.

- Diwali is a festival which recommends cleaning one's inner self. The same principle can be found in Ayurveda.

🔘 Developmental Milestones

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE

 

 👉🏻Introduction

Skills such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, and waving “bye-bye” are called developmental milestones. Developmental milestones are things most children can do by a certain age. Children reach milestones in how they play, learn, speak, behave, and move (like crawling, walking, or jumping).

In the first year, babies learn to focus their vision, reach out, explore, and learn about the things that are around them. Cognitive, or brain development means the learning process of memory, language, thinking, and reasoning. Learning language is more than making sounds (“babble”), or saying “ma-ma” and “da-da”. Listening, understanding, and knowing the names of people and things are all a part of language development. During this stage, babies also are developing bonds of love and trust with their parents and others as part of social and emotional development. The way parents cuddle, hold, and play with their baby will set the basis for how they will interact with them and others.

👉🏻 Positive Parenting Tips

Following are some things you, as a parent, can do to help your baby during this time:

-Talk to your baby. She will find your voice calming.

- Answer when your baby makes sounds by repeating the sounds and adding words. This will help him learn to use language.

- Read to your baby. This will help her develop and understand language and sounds.

Sing to your baby and play music. This will help your baby develop a love for music and will help his brain development.

- Praise your baby and give her lots of loving attention.

- Spend time cuddling and holding your baby. This will help him feel cared for and secure.

Play with your baby when she’s alert and relaxed. Watch your baby closely for signs of being tired or fussy so that she can take a break from playing.

- Distract your baby with toys and move him to safe areas when he starts moving and touching things that he shouldn’t touch.

- Take care of yourself physically, mentally, and emotionally. Parenting can be hard work! It is easier to enjoy your new baby and be a positive, loving parent when you are feeling good yourself.

👉🏻 0-3 Month Milestones

Motor Milestones

-While lying on tummy, pushes up on arms

-While lying on tummy, lifts and holds head up

-Able to move fists from closed to open

-Able to bring hands to mouth

-Moves legs and arms off of surface when excited

 Sensory Milestones

-While lying on back, attempts to reach for a toy held above their chest

-While lying on back, visually tracks a moving toy from side to side.

-While lying on back, keeps head centered to watch faces or toys

- Able to calm with rocking, touching, and gentle sounds.

-Enjoys a variety of movements

 Communication Milestones

-Quiets or smiles in response to sound or voice.

-Turns head towards sound or voice

-Shows interest in faces

Makes eye contact

Cries differently for different needs (e.g. hungry vs. tired).

- Coos and smiles.

 Feeding Milestones

-Latches onto nipple or bottle

-Tongue moves forward and back to suck.

-Drinks 2 oz. to 6 oz. of liquid per feeding, 6 times per day.

-Sucks and swallows well during feeding.

👉🏻 4-6 Month Milestones

 Motor Milestones

-Uses hands to support self while sitting.

-Rolls from back to tummy and tummy to back.

-While standing with support, accepts entire weight with legs.

- Reaches for nearby toys while on tummy

While lying on back, reaches both hands to play with feet.

-While lying on back, transfers a toy from one hand to the other.

 Sensory Milestones

-Uses both hands to explore toys.

-Generally happy when not hungry or tired.

-Brings hands and objects to mouth.

-Able to calm with rocking, touching, and gentle sounds.

-Is not upset by everyday sounds.

-Enjoys a variety of movements.

 Communication Milestones

-Reacts to sudden noises or sounds.

-Listens and responds when spoken to

-Begins to use consonant sounds in babbling, e.g. “da, da, da”

Makes different kinds of sounds to express feelings.

-Notices toys that make sounds.

-Uses babbling to get attention.

 Feeding Milestones

-Shows interest in food

Opens mouth as spoon approaches.

-Moves pureed food from front of mouth to back.

-Begins to eat cereals and pureed foods – Smooth, pureed food (single ingredient only), like carrots, sweet potato, squash, apples, pears.

👉🏻 7-9 Month Milestones

 Motor Milestones

-Sits without support.

- Sits and reaches for toys without falling.

- Moves from tummy or back into sitting.

- Starts to move with alternate leg and arm movement e.g. creeping, crawling.

- Picks up head and pushes through elbows during Tummy Time.

- Turns head to visually track objects while sitting.

- Shows more control while rolling and sitting.

- Picks up small objects with thumbs and fingers.

- In simple play imitates others.

 Sensory Milestones

- Enjoys a variety of movements – bouncing up and down, rocking back and forth.

- Explores and examines an object using both hands and mouth.

- Turns several pages of a chunky (board) book at once.

- Experiments with the amount of force needed to pick up different objects.

- Focuses on objects near and far.

- Investigates shapes, sizes, and textures of toys and surroundings.

- Observes environment from a variety of positions – while lying on back or tummy, sitting, crawling, and standing with assistance.

 Communication Milestones

- Uses increased variety of sounds and syllable combinations in babbling.

- Looks at familiar objects and people when named.

- Recognizes sound of their name.

- Participates in two-way communication.

- Follows some routine commands when paired with gestures.

- Shows recognition of commonly used words

Simple gestures, e.g. shaking head for “no”

Imitates sounds.

 Feeding Milestones

- In a highchair, holds and drinks from a bottle

Begins to eat thicker pureed and mashed table foods.

-Enjoys chew toys that can massage sore and swollen gums during teething.

- Stays full longer after eating.

- Starts to look and reach for objects, such as, food that is nearby.

- Shows strong reaction to new smells and tastes.

👉🏻 10-12 Month Milestones

 Motor Milestones

- Pulls to stand and cruises along furniture

Stands alone and takes several independent steps.

- Moves in and out of various positions to explore environment and get desired toys

Maintains balance in sitting when throwing objects.

- Claps hands.

- Releases objects into a container with a large opening.

- Uses thumb and pointer finger to pick up tiny objects.

 Sensory Milestones

- Enjoys listening to songs.

- Explores toys with fingers and mouth.

- Crawls to or away from objects baby sees in the distance.

 Communication Milestones

- Meaningfully uses “mama” or “dada”

Responds to simple directions, e.g. “Come here”.

- Produces long strings of gibberish (jargoning) in social communication.

- Says one or two words

Imitates speech sounds.

- Babbling has sounds and rhythms of speech.

- Pays attention to where you are looking and pointing.

- Responds to “no”

Begins using hand movements to communicate wants and needs, e.g. reaches to be picked up.

 Feeding Milestones

- Finger feeds self

Eating an increasing variety of food.

- Begins to use an open cup.

- Ready to try soft-cooked vegetables, soft fruits, and finger foods (banana slices, cooked pasta).

- Might be ready to start self feeding with utensils.

- Enjoys a greater variety of smells and tastes.

👉🏻 13-18 Month Milestones 

 Motor Milestones

- Walks independently.

- Squats to pick up a toy.

- Stacks two objects.

 Sensory Milestones

- Helps with getting dressed/undressed

Has a regular sleep schedule.

- Eats an increasing variety of foods.

 👉🏻 By 15 months:

- May use 5-10 words.

-Combines sounds and gestures.

-Imitates simple words and actions.

-Consistently follows simple directions.

-Shows interest in pictures.

-Can identify 1-2 body parts when named.

 Understands 50 words

👉🏻 By 18 months:

-Responds to questions

-Repeats words

 overheard in conversation.

-Continues to produce speech-like babbling.

-Points at familiar objects and people in pictures.

-Understands “in” and “on”.

-Responds to yes/no questions with head shake/nod.

 Feeding Milestones

-Increases variety of coarsely chopped table foods.

-Holds and drinks from a cup.

👉🏻 19-24 Month Milestones

 Communication Milestones

👉🏻 By 21 Months:

-Uses at least 50 words

Consistently imitates new words.

-Names objects and pictures.

-Understands simple pronouns (me, you, my)

Identifies 3-5 body parts when named.

-Understands new words quickly.

👉🏻 By 24 months:

-Begins to use 2 word phrases.

-Uses simple pronouns (me, you, my).

-Understands action words.

-Uses gestures and words during pretend play.

-Follows 2-step related directions e.g. “Pick up your coat and bring it to me”.

-Enjoys listening to stories.

👉🏻 2-3 Year Milestones

 Communication Milestones

👉🏻 By 30 months:

-Consistently uses 2-3 word phrases.

-Uses “in” and “on”

At least 50% of speech is understood by caregiver.

-Follows 2-step unrelated directions, e.g. “give me the ball and go get your coat”.

-Understands basic nouns and pronouns

Understands “mine” and “yours”.

👉🏻 By 36 months:

-Asks “what” and “where” questions

Uses plurals, e.g. “dogs”

-Most speech is understood by caregiver

Simple understanding of concepts including color, space, time.

-Understands “why” questions.

-Understands most simple sentences.

🔘 Gandhi Jayanti

GANDHI JAYANTI:-

👉🏻 Introduction:-

- Mahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was one of the greatest leaders in history, recognized the world over for his teachings on peace and nonviolence. 

- On his birth anniversary, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti, we pay a historic tribute to Mahatma Gandhi by way of celebration, prayers and understanding the Gandhian principles of nonviolence and peace.

👉🏻 Importance of this day:-

- The day is also marked by the United Nations as ‘International Nonviolence Day’ or ‘International Peace Day,’ as countries across the globe are showing a growing interest in the nonviolent alternative.

💫Gandhiji- The inspiration:-

- When Mahatma Gandhi was thrown off a train in South Africa for his refusal to give up his seat in the ‘whites only’ compartment in 1893, the incident not only changed his own life but also the course of history. 

- It turned Gandhi into a revolutionary leader who persisted in the face of opposition by adopting nonviolence as a philosophy and an ideal way of life.

- While many leaders have made a sincere effort to win over their enemies in an amicable manner, the term nonviolence is often associated with Mahatma Gandhi. 

- He used peace as a powerful tool to fight against oppression, injustice, discrimination, cruelty and other evils.

👉🏻The salt march of 1930:-

- Take for example the Salt March in 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi led a nonviolent- yet powerful - protest against Britain’s law dictating that no Indian could collect or sell salt in the country.

- The Mahatma walked over 240 miles, leading protesters to the Arabian Sea to scoop a handful of salt out of the brackish waters. 

- After this peaceful yet defiant act, India gained independence from Britain in 1947.

- Popularly called the ‘Father of the Indian nation’ Mahatma Gandhi drew on a variety of sources for his philosophy, including the Bible, the Bhagavad Gita and the work of writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Leo Tolstoy.

- He applied these principles to a large political movement that used nonviolent resistance to persuade the British government - supposedly the most powerful regime of its time -to grant independence to India.

👉🏻 The ripple effect:-

- The concept of nonviolence soon developed a global following, inspiring movements in countries such as the Philippines, Poland and Czechoslovakia.

👉🏻 Annual celebrations in India:-

- Gandhi Jayanti is indeed an occasion to celebrate. Every year in India as well as several parts of the world, it is done with great fervour. On Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti.

- The President and Prime Minister of India pay homage in front of the Mahatma’s statue at the Raj Ghat in New Delhi.

- Schools hold celebrations where students participate in fancy dress competitions, sing Mahatma Gandhi’s favourite hymns and present their own insights on the Gandhian philosophy of nonviolence.

- Across the country, Mahatma Gandhi’s statues are refurbished and garlanded and people pay their respect to Gandhiji, as he was popularly addressed.

G = Genius

A = Astounding

N = Nationalist

D = Daring

H = Honest

I = Indian

Happy Birthday, Father of the Nation🙏🙏

Jay Hind🇮🇳

🔘 APASMARA ROGA

APASMARA ROGA:-

👉🏻 Defination:-

• स्मृतेरपगमं प्राहुरपस्मारं भिषग्विदः|

तमःप्रवेशं बीभत्सचेष्टं धीसत्त्वसम्प्लवात्||

- The expert physicians call apasmara as 'going away of memory' characterized by black-outs (feeling of entering into darkness) and revolting movements caused by conglomeration of the intellect and the mind.

👉🏻 Nidana:-

•विभ्रान्तबहुदोषाणामहिताशुचिभोजनात् |

रजस्तमोभ्यां विहते सत्त्वे दोषावृते हृदि ||

चिन्ताकामभयक्रोधशोकोद्वेगादिभिस्तथा|

मनस्यभिहते नॄणामपस्मारः प्रवर्तते||

✓ Apasmara occurs in those persons, in whom:-

- The doshas are excessively aggravated and have spread to other sites (vibhranta) due to (habitual) intake of improper/harmful and impure/contaminated food.

- In whom, the sattva is suppressed by rajas and tamas.

- The heart is obscured by aggravated doshas.

- Mind is distressed or annihilated by worry, passion, fright, anger, grief, anxiety etc. 

👉🏻 Purvaroopa:-

• Premonitory symptoms of apasmara include:-

- contraction of eyebrows

,erratic and constant movement of eyes, auditory hallucinations, excessive salivation, and nasal discharge. 

- There is frequent accompaniment of anorexia, indigestion, and general disinclination towards food.

- Chest congestion, distension of the lower abdomen accompanied with gurgling sound, weakness, cracking pain in bones and malaise, unconsciousness, a feeling of despondency or depression, fainting and giddiness, and frequent dreams of scenes of intoxication, dancing, murdering, aching, shivering and falling.

👉🏻 Samprapti:-

- Due to nidana sevana doshas located in the vessels afflict the heart. Thus person suffers due to bewildered mind.

- He visualizes non-existent forms, falls down, his tongue, eyes and eyebrows become tremulous, saliva discharges from his mouth, his hands and legs are extended / bent.

- When the surge of doshas is over, he wakes up as if he is getting up from sleep.

👉🏻 Samanya lakshana:-

- Apasmara is characterized by occasional loss of consciousness associated with aberrant activities and behavior, due to perversion of memory, intellect and other psychic faculties.

 

👉🏻 Types:-

1.Vataja

2.Pittaja

3.Kaphaja

4.Sannipataja

👉🏻 Vishesha lakshana:-

1) Vataja Apasmara:-

• Vatika apasmara is characterized by:-

- Trembling, grinding of teeth, frothing from the mouth, and gasping. 

- The patient gets visual hallucinations of objects which are rough, reddish brown or black in color. 

2) Pittaja Apasmara:-

• Paittika apasmara is characterized by:-

- Yellowish froth, body, face and eyes. 

- He gets visual hallucinations of yellow or blood-red objects. He has thirst, hot sensation (sensation of heat), and sees fire all over his surroundings.

3) Kaphaja Apasmara:-

• Tridoshaja apasmara is characterized by:-

- Manifestation of all of above features at the same time. 

- This type of apasmara is incurable. 

👉🏻 Sadhyasadhyata:-

- The apasmara, which occurs in emaciated person and in chronic stage, is incurable. 

👉🏻 Diagnosis as per frequency of seizures:-

- The vitiated doshas lead to paroxysms of apasmara once in fifteen days, twelve days or a month. 

- The paroxysm may occur even after a shorter period.

👉🏻 Management:-

- Strong elimination and alleviation therapies are effective in alleviating and curing apasmara.

- When extrinsic causative factors are involved, then mantras etc., are considered useful.

🔘 ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

👉🏻 Overview:-

- The female reproductive system is designed to

carry out several functions.

- 4 is the normal pH of the vagina.

- 40 weeks is the normal gestation period.

- 400 oocytes released between menarche and

menopause.

- 400,000 oocytes present at puberty.

- 28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.

- 280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a

normal gestation period.

💫 External genital organs:-

1.Mons pubis

2.Labia majora

3.Labia minore

4.Clitoris

5.Vestibule

6.Urethral opening

7.Vaginal orifice and Hymen

8.Bartholin's glands

9.Skene's gland

10.Vestibular bulbs

 1.Mons pubis:-

- It is the pad of subcutaneous adipose connective tissue lying in front of the pubis that is covered with hair at puberty.

 2.Labia Majora:-

- Has two folds of adipose tissue that border each side of the vagina.

- The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.

- It contain sebaceous glands, sweet glands, and hair follicles.

- After puberty, the labia majora are covered

with hair.

 3.Labia Minora:-

- The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette) of

skin that lie inside the labia majora.

- Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.

- The folds contain connective tissues numerous

sebaceous gland, erectile muscle fibers and

numerous vessels and nerve endings.

- Anteriorly, they are divided to enclosed the clitoris

and unite with each other in front-prepause and

behind- frenulum.

- The lower portion fuses known as fourchette.

 4.Clitoris:-

- It is small cylindrical erectile body.

- Measuring about 1.5 to 2cm.

- Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva, the two labia minora meet at the clitoris.

- The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, richly supplied with nerves.

- The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.

 5.Vestibule:-

- It is a tringular space bounded ant by clitoris, post.

by fourchette and on either side by labium minus.

- It encloses:-

• Urethral opening

• Vaginal orifice and hymen,

• Bartholin's ducts opening

• Skene's glands

 6.Urethral opening:-

- Situated in midline just infront of the vaginal orifice.

- About 1-1.5 cm below the pubic arch.

- The paraurethral ducts open either on the posterior

wall of urethral orifice or direct into the vestibule.

 7.Vaginal Orifice and Hymen:-

- Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule.

- It incompletely enclosed by a septum of mucous membrane called hymen.

- The membrane varies in shape but is usually circular or crescentie in virgins.

- Hymen Located just inside the vaginal Opening.

- It is usually ruptured at the consummation of

marriage.

 8.Bartholin's glands:-

- There are two bartholin's glands One on each side.

- They are pea sized and yellowish in colour and lined

by cuboidal epithelium.

- Each gland has a duet which measures about 2

cm and open into vestibular outside Close to the

posterior end of the vestibular bulb.

- During sexual excitement it secretes abundant alkaline mucus which helps in lubrication.

 9.Skene's gland:-

- The largest paraurethral gland.

- Homologous to the prostate in the male.

- The two skene's ducts may open in the vestibule on

either side of externa urethral meatus.

 10.Vestibular bulb:-

- These are bilateral elongated masses of erectile

tissuses situated beneth the mucous mambrane of

vestibule 

- Each bulb lies on either side in vaginal orifice.

- They are likely to be injured during childbirth with

brisk haemorrhage

👉🏻 Blood supply:-

• Arterles:-

- Branch of Internal pudendal artery

- Branch of femoral artery

• Veins:-

- Internal pudendal vein

- Vesicle or vaginal venous plexus

- Long saphenous vein

👉🏻 Nerve supply:-

- Bilateral somatic nerve

- Posteroinferior part:-Pudental branch from posterior cutaneoys nerve

- Anterosuperior part:-Cutaneous branch from ilioinguinal Genital branch from genitofemoral nerve

- Between 2 groups the vulva - Pudental nerve

👉🏻 Lymphatic:-

- Superficial inguinal nodes

- Intermediate group of inguinal lymph nodes

- External and internal illiac lymph nodes

💫 Internal Genital organs:-

1.Vagina

2.Uterus

3.Fallopian tube

4.Ovaries

 1.Vagina:-

✓ Introduction:-

- Vagina:- Birth canal

- It is fibro-musculo membranous sheath connects the external Genital organs to uterus.

- About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult women.

- It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and for Menstrual bleeding.

- Organ for copulation and forms the birth canal of parturition.

✓ Structures:-

- Posterior wall of vagina is 9 cm long

- Anterior wall is only 7 cm length

- The upper end of the vagina is known as the vault

- Pink in appearance

- PH 4-5 acidic due to Doderlein'bacilli which produce lactic acid from glycogen present in exfoliated cells.

• Layers:-

1.Mucous coat -no secreting glands

2.Submucous layer

3.muscular layer inner circular n outer longitudinal

muscles

4.Fibrous coat

✓ Fornics of Vagina:-

- Formed at the top of vagina due to projection of the

uterine cervix

- Four fornlcs are there:-

One anterior - front of cervix most shallow

One posterior - behind, deeper

Two lateral - either side of cervix

✓ Relations of vagina:-

• Anterior to the vagina - lie the bladder and the

urethra which are closely connected to the anterior

vaginal wall

• Posterior to the vagina - lie the pouch of douglas,

the rectum and the perineal body, each occupying

one third of the posterior vaginal wall

• Laterally on the upper two third are the pelvic

fascia and the ureters, which pass beside the cervix

• Superior to the vagina - lies the utreus

• Inferior to the vagina - lies the externalgenitalia

✓ Blood Supply:-

• Arterles:-

- cervico vaginal branch of uterine artery

- vaginal artery anterior division of internaliliac and Internal pudendal

• Veins:-

- Internal iliac vein

- Internal pudendal vein

- Lymphatic Internal illac group

- Superficial inguinal group

✓ Nerve supply:-

- Sympathetic and parasympathetic from the pelvic

plexus

- Lower part is supplied by the pudendal nerve

 2.Uterus:-

✓ Introduction:-

- The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular, hollow pyriform organ

- Located in the middle of the pelvis, behind the bladder, and in front of the rectum. The

uterus is anchored in position by several ligaments.

- The uterus consists:-

a.Body(Corpus)

b.Isthumus

c.Cervix

- The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, which protrudes into the upper part of the vagina. 

- It can be seen during a pelvic examination Like the vagina, the cervix is lined with a mucous membrane, but the mucous membrane of the cervix is smooth.

- Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can exit the uterus through a channel in the cervix (cervical canal).

- The cervical canal is usually narrow, but during labor, the canal widens to let the baby through

- The cervix is usually a good barrier against bacteria,

except around the time an egg is released by the

ovaries (ovulation), during the menstrual period, or

during labor.

✓ Functions:-

- The main function of the uterus is to sustain a developing fetus.

- It prepare for this possibility for each month

- At termination of pregnancy it expels the uterine

contents.

√ Relations:-

- Anterior - the uterovesical pouch and the bladder

- Posterior - the rectouterine pouch of the douglas

- Laterally-the broad ligament, the uterine tubes

- Superior - the intestine

- Inferior - the vagina

✓ Measurement and parts:-

- Measures 8cm long, 5cm wide, 1.25cm thick

- Weight 50-80gms

- Parts:-

1.The body or corpus

2.Isthumus

3.Cervix

- Secreation:- 

• The endometrial:- Scanty and watery

• Cervix:- Alkaline,thick,rich in mucoprotein, fructose and sodium chloride

✓ Layers:-

- ENDOMETRIUM: inner lining of uterus, nourishes

developing embryo, built up each month for pregnancy, if not,shed during menstruation

- MYOMETRIUM: smooth muscular, supports fetus,

contracts at birth and to shed the endometrium

during menstruation.

- PERIMETRIUM: The perimetrium is a serous

membrane that lines the outside of the uterus.

✓ Arteries:-uterine artery-branch of internal iliac

artery

✓ Veins :- Internal liac vein

✓ Lymphatic:- Deep and Superficial lymph vessels

✓ Nerve supply:- Parasympathetic and sympathetic

 3.Fallopian tube or oviducts:-

✓ Introduction:-

- The two fallopian tubes, which are about 4 to 5inches (about 10 cm) long, extend from the upper edges of the uterus toward the ovaries.

✓ Function:-

- Transport of the gametes

- To facilitate fertilization and survival of zygote

through its secretion

✓ Relations:-

- Anterior, Posteriorand Superior - the peritoneal

cavity and intestine

- Laterally - the sidewall of pelvis

- Inferior - the broad ligament and the ovaries

- Medial - the uterus lies between the uterine tubes

Structure 1) Serous 2 muscular, mucous

✓ Parts:-

1.The intestinal/intramural

2.The isthumus

3.The ampulla

4.The infundibulum

✓ Artery:- Uterine and ovary

✓ Veins:- Ovarian vein

✓ Lymphatic:- Along with the ovarian vessels to para aortic nodes

✓ Nerve supply:- Uterine and ovarian nerves

 4.Ovaries:-

✓ Introduction:-

- Paired sex glands in female which are concerned for:-

1)Germ cell maturation, storage, its release

2)Steroidogenesis

- Each gland is oval shape and pinkish grey in colour

and surface is scarred during reproductive peroid.

- Measure-3cm length, 2cm breadth, 1cm thickness

✓ Relations:-

- Ovaries are intraperitoneal structures

- In nullipara, its lies in ovarian fossa

• Anterior - the broad ligaments

• Posterior - the intestine

• Laterally the infundibulopelvic ligaments and side

walls of the pelvis

• Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube

• Inferior to the ovaries lies the ovarian ligaments

- Two ends - Tubal and Uterine

- Two borders- Mesovarium anterior and Free posterior

- Two surfaces. Medial and lateral

✓ Structure:-

- The ovary is covered by a single layer of cubical cell known as germinal epithelium.

- Medulla

- Cortex

• Medulla:-

- supporting framework

- Made of fibrous tissue

- Has ovarian blood vessels

- Lymphatics and nerve travels through it

- there is small collection of cells called hilus cells

• Cortex:-

- It consits of stromal cell which are thickened

benetath the germinal epithelium to form tunica albugenia

- Functioning part of the ovum

- Contains ovarian follicals in different stage

✓ Artery:-ovarian and abdominal aorta

✓ Venous:- ovarian vein

✓ Lymphatic:- Along the ovarian vessels to para aortic nodes

√ Nerve supply:- ovarian nerves from T10 segment

🔘 Hydro Therapy

Hydrotherapy 

(Elemental force = Water)

👉🏻Significance of water

-Water is a universal solvent

-Available universally in abundance and is -cheap

-Non-toxic and non-irritating

-Rapidly absorbs and holds good deal of heat, releases it easily

-without cooling too quickly

-Stores energy

-Can be converted from liquid to vapor or solid

-Touches every part of body surface

👉🏻Thalasso Therapy - 

Use of sea water,beach sand, sea weeds, sea mud for treatment.

👉🏻2 RULES

Mode of Action

-Always Cold AFTER Hot

-Hot water should be BEARABLE

Hot water-(98-104 F)(37-40°C)

Muscle - relaxation - Increased blood circulation

Cold water - (55-65F /13-18°C)

Tissue decongestion - Tissue flushed with

fresh blood.

👉🏻Reflexology of Hydrotherapy

-Region of Circulation    & Correlating Body parts

1. Head, chest, pelvic 

region -  Skin of feet and hand      

2.Kidney - Skin of lower breast bone.

3. Blood vessels of head      - Skin of face

4.Mucous membrane of 

nose - Skin of base of neck.

5.Abdominal organs and 

internal organs  - Skin of spinal region.

6.Genitourinary 

organs  - Skin of thighs, lower back & buttock

7.Prostate and 

uterus  - Skin of lower inner thighs.

💫 Hydrotherapy - 7 application methods

Application methods

1. Heating compress

2. Foementation

3. Full sheet pack (For      relaxation and detox)

4. Ice pack (For calming inflammation/easing pain)

5. Alternating sitz bath/local immersion

6. Neutral bath (For anxiety reduction/pain relief)

7. Steam Bath ( For breathing problems/sinus congestion)

👉🏻 Heating Compress

- Requirements: 

Cotton sheet/Towel, Plastic sheet, Safety pins, Cold water

- Indications: 

Painful joints, mastitis, sore throat, back ache, tight chest from bronchitis.

- Procedure:

Squeeze out cotton sheet in cold water so that it does not drip

Keep over painful area then cover with plastic sheet

Secure with safety pins.

Remove after cold cotton sheet becomes warm.

👉🏻Foementation

-Requirements: 

Cotton sheet, Blanket, very hot water, woolen towels.

-Indications:

Pain, congestion especially muscle spasm & tension,

lumbago, neuralgia, dysmenorrhoea, renal colic.

-Contra-Indications: Cancer, heart disease, diabetes, circulatory problems

of legs, haemorrhage, sensitive skin.

- Procedure:

Soak woollen towel in very hot water (more water retained better, foementation)

Keep on painful area between layers of dry towel

Change every 5 minutes. Apply 3 to 4 times

When sweating begins, apply cold towel to forehead. After foementation, rub area with cold damp towel and rest for 1/2 to 1 hour.

👉🏻Full Sheet Wet Pack

- Requirements: 

2 Cotton sheets, 2 Blankets, very hot water, woolen

towels.

 - Contra-Indications: 

Severe anaemia, debility, skin conditions.

- Procedure:

Have warm water bath and without drying body cover with Cold Wet Sheet

Wrap with one blanket covering full body

Fit second blanket over first one tightly

 Lie down by supporting neck with pillow

Keep hot water bottle under feet.

For maximum benefit, apply for 3 hours.

👉🏻 Ice Pack

- Requirements: 

Woollen sheet, towels, ice, safety pins, plastic,

bandage.

- Indications:

Sprains, injuries, bursitis, swellings, bites,

haemorrhoids

- Contra-Indications:

Acute bladder problems, 

acute asthma, 

abdominal application.

- Procedure:

Crush ice into towel and fold and secure with pin

Cover painful area with pack and cover with plastic

Leave in place for 1/2 hour

Repeat process after 1 hour if necessary

👉🏻Alternating hot and cold application

- Requirements: Cotton sheet, 2 Blankets, Three towels, hot & cold water.

- Indications:

Chronic pains, enhances immunity, promotes healing.

 - Contraindications: Haemorrhage, colic & spasm, chronic heart disease,

acute bladder, kidney infection.

- Procedure:

 Lie down between two blankets

Cover body with sheet

Then place one layer hot towel and one layer cold towel

Remove old hot towel and keep new hot towel for 2 minutes.

Immediately keep new cold towel

Cover with blanket until cold towel is warmed

Repeat same steps on back.

👉🏻 Neutral Bath

Pack temperature = Body temperature

Keep for 1/2 hour

Indicated in agitation, anxiety, and nervousness

Contraindications - Serious cardiac disease and skin conditions.

👉🏻Steam Bath

Local steam bath (Steam inhalation, Immersion Bath, Sauna Bath)

Full body steam bath (Sitting posture, lying posture)

Indicated in quick elimination of toxins, enhance vital power.

💫 Hydrotherapy -18 bathing methods :-

👉🏻Depending on Temperature

1. Neutral

2.Hot

3.Cold

4. Alternate

👉🏻Using Additional Substances:-

1. Oil Bath

2. Oat meal Bath

3. Mustard Bath

4. Moor Bath

5. Simple Detox bath

6. Epsum Salt bath

👉🏻Depending on Area :-

1. Sitz Bath

2. Spinal Bath

3. Hip Bath (Full and Shallow)

4. Foot Bath

5.Head Bath

6.Trunk Bath

7.Cold Friction Bath

8.Full Bath

🔘 DOWRY DEATH

*DOWRY DEATH:-* 

👉🏻 Introduction:-

- Dowry or Dahej is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her husband in marriage.

- The practice of giving Dowry is very common in the Indian and South Asian cultures.

👉🏻 The Function of Dowry:-

- The family of the bride gives the groom and/or his family dowry to ensure that their daughter will be well taken care of.

- Dowry is a form of assurance that the bride will be well treated. If not, it can be revoked.

- In the event that the husband dies, the wife will be financially stable through inheritance of the dowry she paid.

👉🏻 The History of Dowry:-

- We can date the history of Dowry as far back as 1700 BC when the Code of Hammurabi was written.

- This code stated that in the death of her husband or through divorce, the wife would receive back the Dowry that she paid to him.

👉🏻 Ancient Dowry:-

- The initial role of dowry was to financially provide for the bride because she was moving into a joint family with the groom.

- Women were not allowed to work and earn a living outside of the home, so dowry was suppose to serve as her income and her contribution to the home.

👉🏻 A Twist on Dowry:-

- As times have changed, Dowry is now considered a way for a groom and his family to extort money and gifts from the bride and her family.

- Families often go broke because they are unable to supply the Dowry to the groom.

- Majority of these women come from poor to middle class homes in which their parents save for years in order to provide Dowry to the groom.

👉🏻 Dowry death:-

- Dowry death is a death of young women either by murder or suside as a resort of inability to provide more dowry to her husband and his family.

- The most common form of dowry death is ' bride burning' in which the bride is doused with gasoline or kerosene and set on fire. This is usually done by the groom or his family.

👉🏻 Dowry death statistics:-

- According to Indian National crime records bureau (NCRB) there were approximately 6787 reported dowry deaths in india in 2005.

- The NCRB also reported that there were 2276 female susides related to dowry in 2006 which amounts to 6 deaths per day.

👉🏻 Religious Influences:-

- Hinduism is the predominant religion in India.Giving of Dowry is a tradition and ritual observed in Hindu

marriages incanged marriages in are a common cultural practice.

- The Hindu religion states that mariage is a sacred

relationship and consist of dharma(obligatory

duty) and samskara (sacrament).

👉🏻 The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961:-

- In July 1961, Indian officials created The Dowry Prohibition Act which prohibits the demand, receipt. or payment of dowry in marriage.

- In this act, any gifts viewed as a precondition for marriage were punishable and illegal Punishment for receiving or giving dowry is imprisonment up to 6 years and/or a fine of 5000 Rupees or the amount of dowry which was paid (whichever is more).

👉🏻 Indian Penal Code Section 304B:-

- In 1986, this penal code was inserted into the Dowry Prohibition Act stating it a woman is burned to death or dies due tofunnatural) bodily injuries within seven years of her marriage this case will be investigated as dowry death.

- If it is proven that these women were tortured or harassed soon before her death groom and his family would be considered suspects and/or implicated in the cause of her death(deemed

dowy death)

- Punishment can range from seven years to life.

👉🏻Dowry in India now a days:-

- Despite the Dowry Prohibition Act and Indian Penal Code(304b) dowry and dowry death are still occurring in India.

- Although dowry death maybe investigated convictions are slim to none.

- The accused party states that their beloved bride" is dead as a result of a kitchen fire.

👉🏻 Gender Inequality:-

- Indian Brides and their families are the ones who suffer from the Dowry system.

- As a result of inability to provide (more) Dowry, they are often killed, harassed, tortured or commit suicide.

- The extremely poor to middle class are affected by the Dowry system.

- The groom and his family benefit from receiving Dowry and may kill the bride in order to remaity and receive dowry from another bricoland her family).

👉🏻 Preventions:-

- Women Organizations, legal amendments, media support, special police cells for women and protest are all ways people are trying to end the Dowry system in India.

- Despite their attempts dowry still continues to be a social norm in the Indian society, thus dowry deaths

continue to rise.

👉🏻 Anti-dowry organizations:-

- Azad foundation

- Bharatiya grameen mahila sangh

- ICRW (International center for Research on women)

- Lawyers collective

- Angala

- Aasra