🔘 ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

👉🏻 Overview:-

- The female reproductive system is designed to

carry out several functions.

- 4 is the normal pH of the vagina.

- 40 weeks is the normal gestation period.

- 400 oocytes released between menarche and

menopause.

- 400,000 oocytes present at puberty.

- 28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.

- 280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a

normal gestation period.

💫 External genital organs:-

1.Mons pubis

2.Labia majora

3.Labia minore

4.Clitoris

5.Vestibule

6.Urethral opening

7.Vaginal orifice and Hymen

8.Bartholin's glands

9.Skene's gland

10.Vestibular bulbs

 1.Mons pubis:-

- It is the pad of subcutaneous adipose connective tissue lying in front of the pubis that is covered with hair at puberty.

 2.Labia Majora:-

- Has two folds of adipose tissue that border each side of the vagina.

- The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.

- It contain sebaceous glands, sweet glands, and hair follicles.

- After puberty, the labia majora are covered

with hair.

 3.Labia Minora:-

- The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette) of

skin that lie inside the labia majora.

- Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.

- The folds contain connective tissues numerous

sebaceous gland, erectile muscle fibers and

numerous vessels and nerve endings.

- Anteriorly, they are divided to enclosed the clitoris

and unite with each other in front-prepause and

behind- frenulum.

- The lower portion fuses known as fourchette.

 4.Clitoris:-

- It is small cylindrical erectile body.

- Measuring about 1.5 to 2cm.

- Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva, the two labia minora meet at the clitoris.

- The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, richly supplied with nerves.

- The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.

 5.Vestibule:-

- It is a tringular space bounded ant by clitoris, post.

by fourchette and on either side by labium minus.

- It encloses:-

• Urethral opening

• Vaginal orifice and hymen,

• Bartholin's ducts opening

• Skene's glands

 6.Urethral opening:-

- Situated in midline just infront of the vaginal orifice.

- About 1-1.5 cm below the pubic arch.

- The paraurethral ducts open either on the posterior

wall of urethral orifice or direct into the vestibule.

 7.Vaginal Orifice and Hymen:-

- Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule.

- It incompletely enclosed by a septum of mucous membrane called hymen.

- The membrane varies in shape but is usually circular or crescentie in virgins.

- Hymen Located just inside the vaginal Opening.

- It is usually ruptured at the consummation of

marriage.

 8.Bartholin's glands:-

- There are two bartholin's glands One on each side.

- They are pea sized and yellowish in colour and lined

by cuboidal epithelium.

- Each gland has a duet which measures about 2

cm and open into vestibular outside Close to the

posterior end of the vestibular bulb.

- During sexual excitement it secretes abundant alkaline mucus which helps in lubrication.

 9.Skene's gland:-

- The largest paraurethral gland.

- Homologous to the prostate in the male.

- The two skene's ducts may open in the vestibule on

either side of externa urethral meatus.

 10.Vestibular bulb:-

- These are bilateral elongated masses of erectile

tissuses situated beneth the mucous mambrane of

vestibule 

- Each bulb lies on either side in vaginal orifice.

- They are likely to be injured during childbirth with

brisk haemorrhage

👉🏻 Blood supply:-

• Arterles:-

- Branch of Internal pudendal artery

- Branch of femoral artery

• Veins:-

- Internal pudendal vein

- Vesicle or vaginal venous plexus

- Long saphenous vein

👉🏻 Nerve supply:-

- Bilateral somatic nerve

- Posteroinferior part:-Pudental branch from posterior cutaneoys nerve

- Anterosuperior part:-Cutaneous branch from ilioinguinal Genital branch from genitofemoral nerve

- Between 2 groups the vulva - Pudental nerve

👉🏻 Lymphatic:-

- Superficial inguinal nodes

- Intermediate group of inguinal lymph nodes

- External and internal illiac lymph nodes

💫 Internal Genital organs:-

1.Vagina

2.Uterus

3.Fallopian tube

4.Ovaries

 1.Vagina:-

✓ Introduction:-

- Vagina:- Birth canal

- It is fibro-musculo membranous sheath connects the external Genital organs to uterus.

- About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult women.

- It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and for Menstrual bleeding.

- Organ for copulation and forms the birth canal of parturition.

✓ Structures:-

- Posterior wall of vagina is 9 cm long

- Anterior wall is only 7 cm length

- The upper end of the vagina is known as the vault

- Pink in appearance

- PH 4-5 acidic due to Doderlein'bacilli which produce lactic acid from glycogen present in exfoliated cells.

• Layers:-

1.Mucous coat -no secreting glands

2.Submucous layer

3.muscular layer inner circular n outer longitudinal

muscles

4.Fibrous coat

✓ Fornics of Vagina:-

- Formed at the top of vagina due to projection of the

uterine cervix

- Four fornlcs are there:-

One anterior - front of cervix most shallow

One posterior - behind, deeper

Two lateral - either side of cervix

✓ Relations of vagina:-

• Anterior to the vagina - lie the bladder and the

urethra which are closely connected to the anterior

vaginal wall

• Posterior to the vagina - lie the pouch of douglas,

the rectum and the perineal body, each occupying

one third of the posterior vaginal wall

• Laterally on the upper two third are the pelvic

fascia and the ureters, which pass beside the cervix

• Superior to the vagina - lies the utreus

• Inferior to the vagina - lies the externalgenitalia

✓ Blood Supply:-

• Arterles:-

- cervico vaginal branch of uterine artery

- vaginal artery anterior division of internaliliac and Internal pudendal

• Veins:-

- Internal iliac vein

- Internal pudendal vein

- Lymphatic Internal illac group

- Superficial inguinal group

✓ Nerve supply:-

- Sympathetic and parasympathetic from the pelvic

plexus

- Lower part is supplied by the pudendal nerve

 2.Uterus:-

✓ Introduction:-

- The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular, hollow pyriform organ

- Located in the middle of the pelvis, behind the bladder, and in front of the rectum. The

uterus is anchored in position by several ligaments.

- The uterus consists:-

a.Body(Corpus)

b.Isthumus

c.Cervix

- The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, which protrudes into the upper part of the vagina. 

- It can be seen during a pelvic examination Like the vagina, the cervix is lined with a mucous membrane, but the mucous membrane of the cervix is smooth.

- Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can exit the uterus through a channel in the cervix (cervical canal).

- The cervical canal is usually narrow, but during labor, the canal widens to let the baby through

- The cervix is usually a good barrier against bacteria,

except around the time an egg is released by the

ovaries (ovulation), during the menstrual period, or

during labor.

✓ Functions:-

- The main function of the uterus is to sustain a developing fetus.

- It prepare for this possibility for each month

- At termination of pregnancy it expels the uterine

contents.

√ Relations:-

- Anterior - the uterovesical pouch and the bladder

- Posterior - the rectouterine pouch of the douglas

- Laterally-the broad ligament, the uterine tubes

- Superior - the intestine

- Inferior - the vagina

✓ Measurement and parts:-

- Measures 8cm long, 5cm wide, 1.25cm thick

- Weight 50-80gms

- Parts:-

1.The body or corpus

2.Isthumus

3.Cervix

- Secreation:- 

• The endometrial:- Scanty and watery

• Cervix:- Alkaline,thick,rich in mucoprotein, fructose and sodium chloride

✓ Layers:-

- ENDOMETRIUM: inner lining of uterus, nourishes

developing embryo, built up each month for pregnancy, if not,shed during menstruation

- MYOMETRIUM: smooth muscular, supports fetus,

contracts at birth and to shed the endometrium

during menstruation.

- PERIMETRIUM: The perimetrium is a serous

membrane that lines the outside of the uterus.

✓ Arteries:-uterine artery-branch of internal iliac

artery

✓ Veins :- Internal liac vein

✓ Lymphatic:- Deep and Superficial lymph vessels

✓ Nerve supply:- Parasympathetic and sympathetic

 3.Fallopian tube or oviducts:-

✓ Introduction:-

- The two fallopian tubes, which are about 4 to 5inches (about 10 cm) long, extend from the upper edges of the uterus toward the ovaries.

✓ Function:-

- Transport of the gametes

- To facilitate fertilization and survival of zygote

through its secretion

✓ Relations:-

- Anterior, Posteriorand Superior - the peritoneal

cavity and intestine

- Laterally - the sidewall of pelvis

- Inferior - the broad ligament and the ovaries

- Medial - the uterus lies between the uterine tubes

Structure 1) Serous 2 muscular, mucous

✓ Parts:-

1.The intestinal/intramural

2.The isthumus

3.The ampulla

4.The infundibulum

✓ Artery:- Uterine and ovary

✓ Veins:- Ovarian vein

✓ Lymphatic:- Along with the ovarian vessels to para aortic nodes

✓ Nerve supply:- Uterine and ovarian nerves

 4.Ovaries:-

✓ Introduction:-

- Paired sex glands in female which are concerned for:-

1)Germ cell maturation, storage, its release

2)Steroidogenesis

- Each gland is oval shape and pinkish grey in colour

and surface is scarred during reproductive peroid.

- Measure-3cm length, 2cm breadth, 1cm thickness

✓ Relations:-

- Ovaries are intraperitoneal structures

- In nullipara, its lies in ovarian fossa

• Anterior - the broad ligaments

• Posterior - the intestine

• Laterally the infundibulopelvic ligaments and side

walls of the pelvis

• Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube

• Inferior to the ovaries lies the ovarian ligaments

- Two ends - Tubal and Uterine

- Two borders- Mesovarium anterior and Free posterior

- Two surfaces. Medial and lateral

✓ Structure:-

- The ovary is covered by a single layer of cubical cell known as germinal epithelium.

- Medulla

- Cortex

• Medulla:-

- supporting framework

- Made of fibrous tissue

- Has ovarian blood vessels

- Lymphatics and nerve travels through it

- there is small collection of cells called hilus cells

• Cortex:-

- It consits of stromal cell which are thickened

benetath the germinal epithelium to form tunica albugenia

- Functioning part of the ovum

- Contains ovarian follicals in different stage

✓ Artery:-ovarian and abdominal aorta

✓ Venous:- ovarian vein

✓ Lymphatic:- Along the ovarian vessels to para aortic nodes

√ Nerve supply:- ovarian nerves from T10 segment